Introduction. Cicatricial bladder neck contracture (CBNC) is one of the most common complications after endoscopic prostate procedures. There is no consensus among urologists about which method is advisable to use in the treatment of postoperative CBNC — transurethral resection (TUR) or incision. In this regard, the study of balloon dilation is a promising alternative.

Purpose of the study. To improve the results of balloon dilation in patients with CBNC after endoscopic surgery for BPH.

Materials and methods. The study involved 34 patients with recurrent CBNC after TUR and laser enucleation. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (n = 16) included men who, after bladder neck's TUR, additionally underwent transurethral balloon dilatation, while control group B (n = 18) included men who were prescribed conservative therapy only using alpha-blockers.

Results. 2 months after the bladder neck's TURP and 1 month after balloon dilatation in group A, the mean IPSS score was 14.2 ± 2.1, QoL was 2.9 ± 0.9, while in group B it was at the end of 2nd month after the bladder neck's TURP, these indicators were 16.2 ± 3.1 and 3.9 ± 0.8 points, respectively (p <0.05). The average maximum urine flow rate in group A was 15.8 ± 2.8 ml/sec, in group B was 11.6 ± 2.8 ml/sec (p <0.05). Also, a significant decrease in the residual urine volume was revealed from 43.4 ± 34.4 to 27.8 ± 12.5 ml in group A, while in group B this indicator decreased from 49.1 ± 30.2 to 30.2 ± 11.7 ml.

Conclusions. The method of transurethral balloon dilatation in case of CBNC under TRUS control using local anaesthesia only avoids gross trauma to the urethra and bladder neck with a cystoscope or mechanical dilatator. It helps to reduce the likelihood and severity of complications of this treatment method.

Introduction. Stress urinary incontinence in men in most cases occurs after radical prostatectomy or surgery of benign prostate hyperplasia. In addition to a significant reduction in the quality of life, the treatment and care of such patients require significant financial costs.

Purpose of the study. To study the long-term efficacy and safety of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation.

Materials and methods. AUS was implanted in 52 patients with severe stress urinary incontinence (UI) from 2004 to 2020. Urine loss was estimated by the urinary diary. A cure was considered as the use of ≤ 1 pad per day («social continence»). The quality of life was assessed using a numeric scale (from 0 to 100), IPSS-QoL, and the ICIQ-UI SF questionnaire. Complications were described according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Results. The median age was 67.5 years (IQR 63 - 72 years). The causes of severe stress UI were the following: radical prostatectomy - 29 (55.8%) patients, transurethral resection of the prostate — 12 (23.1%), transvesical simple prostatectomy — 5 (9.6%), others — 6 (11.5%) patients. Median time after the intervention that caused UI was 24 months (IQR 13-36 months). Both perineal (67%) and penoscrotal (33%) approaches were used. The results of implantation efficiency were evaluated in 43 patients. A significant decrease in the median urine loss from 800 ml (IQR 700 - 1100 ml) to 0 ml (IQR 0-30 ml) was registered at a median follow-up of 100.4 months (IQR 70.5 - 136.9 months). There was also a statistically significant reduction in daily pad use from 7 (IQR 6-8) to 1 (IQR 0 - 1). 36 (84%) patients met the cure criteria. Improvement was noted in 6 (14%) patients, failure - in 1 (2%) patient. Median IPSS-QoL scores decreased from 4 (IQR 4-5) to 2 (IQR 1 - 2), p < 0.05, numeric analog scale scores improved from 25 (IQR 20 - 35) to 80 (IQR 60 - 90), p < 0.05., The ICIQ-UI SF score was 7 (IQR 1-9) after treatment. Complications more than grade II according to the Clavien-Dindo classification were registered in 15 (28.8%) patients.

Conclusion. AUS implantation provides satisfactory results in reducing urine loss and improving quality of life but it's accompanied by a high rate of complications and revisions in long-term follow-up.

Introduction. In the modern world, training on medical simulators is actively used in the training of specialists. To improve the skill of puncture of the cavity system of the kidney, many simulators have been created, from biological ones to virtual reality simulators, but all of them have drawbacks - high cost, short shelf life, inconsistency with reality.

Purpose of the study. To create a simulator model that will be identical in its anatomical and acoustic properties to the kidney and adjacent human tissues, as well as convenient to use and affordable for most universities and clinics.

Materials and methods. The samples of simulators based on glycerin and gelatin were created. A study of the speed of sound in all compositions was carried out, as well as a study of track formation after passing the puncture needle, as well as the ability of the compositions to overgrow (sticking) tracks. The model of the simulator was tested by urologists.

Results. As a result of the tests, it was found that the samples based on gelatin and glycerin are more wear-resistant, the shelf life is longer than that of other samples, and this model is as close as possible in its acoustic properties to human tissues. When testing the simulator, specialists highly appreciated the quality of visualization of both the kidney model itself and the needle during puncture, as well as visualization during repeated punctures.

Conclusion. The simulator developed by us can be used to train young specialists, to assess the practical and theoretical skills of graduates within the framework of accreditation, as well as to continuously improve the qualifications of specialists and when planning surgical intervention for a particular patient.

Introduction. Urethral stricture disease is one of the most actual problems of modern urology, and the number of this pathology in the population increases year to year. To date, a large number of surgical methods for treating urethral strictures have been proposed. This study represents our experience in the surgical treatment of short-length bulbous urethral strictures.

Purpose of the study. To analyze the results of surgical treatment of patients with short-length bulbous urethral strictures.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the surgical treatment results in 75 patients with short-length bulbous urethral strictures was carried out. Treatment was carried out using various techniques: internal optical urethrotomy (IOUT), anastomotic urethral plasty, urethral plasty without crossing the spongy body. The effectiveness of the applied methods is assessed.  The standard questionnaire I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) was used to assess the quality of life of patients in all cases, which was filled out before surgery and 6 months after surgery.

Results. The easiest and fastest to perform is the IOUT technique, but it has a high percentage of relapses — up to 76,47% in a follow-up. However, the number of recurrences when performing open surgical techniques, such as urethral plastic surgery without crossing the spongy body, anastomotic urethral plastic surgery, did not exceed 7.14% and 7.4%, respectively. Before surgery average IPSS score in patients who were carried out of IUOT, anastomotic plastic and plastic without crossing a spongy body, respectively 20,65 ± 0,62, 21,52 ± 0,64 and of 23,07 ± 0,76 points, and 6 months after surgical treatment the average score was 8,24 ± 0,63, 4,37 ±  0,33, 5,64 ± 0,37 points.

Conclusions. It was revealed that currently, the most prognostically favourable methods of surgical treatment of urethral stricture disease are anastomotic urethral plasty, urethral plasty without crossing the spongy body.

Introduction. Nowadays, the tactics of removing stones from the kidneys and the ureteropelvic junction are widely covered and described in detail in modern guidelines. Determination of one or another treatment way depends on stone specific features and patient`s constitutional peculiarities. However, usage of percutaneous or retrograde access only does not always allow achieving a good result. In sophisticated cases, such as a large-size branchy renal stone, a “penetrated” stone in the ureter’s upper third, or some patient`s anatomic peculiarities, search for new ways to remove such stones with integrating accesses.

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the removal efficiency of kidney stones and ureteropelvic junction by a combination of retrograde and percutaneous lithotripsy using electrical impulse energy. Materials and methods. In 2014-2019 in Siberian State Medical University Clinics (Tomsk, Russia), the integrated retrograde and percutaneous lithotripsy was applied in 26 cases to patients that had differently positioned kidneys’ and ureteropelvic junction stones. The treatment was based on the usage of the electro-impulse lithotriptor Urolith-105M (Lithotech Medical, Israel, MedLine LLP, Russia). In some cases, the laser lithotriptor Calculase II (Karl Storz, Germany) was also engaged. Result. The patients were aged from 25 to 76 (women - 69.2%). The calculus average size was 19.5 mm (varying from 5 to 51 mm). The calculus average density was 1229 HU (from 510 to 1720 HU). The operation average duration was 131 minutes (from 40 to 280 minutes). The incidence of complications was 3.84%. The complete calculus destruction occurred in 92.3% of cases. The overall response rate in re-operations reached up 100%.

Conclusion. Integration of antegrade and retrograde accesses with use of the electro-impulse energy in removing complex stones from ureteropelvic junctions and kidneys proved to be an efficient method of treatment and demonstrated great results. Furthermore, this option of the single-step access to the stones is the only one possible in some cases when the extracorporeal lithotripsy is contraindicated, application of upfront surgery is quite risky, or endoscopic methods as an antegrade/retrograde mono-access are not effective .

Introduction. Orthotopic neobladder or ileal conduit are the most optimal and common methods of intestinal urine diversion. Nevertheless, there is no consensus in the current literature as to which of these urine diversion techniques provides a better quality of life.

Purpose of the study. To conduct a comparative study of the quality of life of patients who underwent radical cystectomy with the formation of an orthotopic neobladder or ileoconduit.

Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients (46 men (76.6%) and 14 (23.4%) women) who underwent radical cystectomy (RCE) with intestinal urine diversion. The mean age of the patients was 66 (47 - 85) years. The exclusionary criteria for the study were: neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer; preoperative ASA IV - V degree; RCE with intestinal urine diversion not for bladder cancer; the inability to fill out questionnaires assessing the postoperative aspects of the quality of life (QoL) for certain reasons. All patients were divided into 2 groups to allow comparative analysis: Group I — 26 patients (43.3%) underwent RCE with the formation of an orthotopic neobladder according to the Studer method; Group II — 34 patients (56.7%) underwent RCE with the formation of an ileal conduit according to Bricker. The median follow-up period for patients from the completed surgical procedure to the survey was 7 months (4.5 - 9.5 months). The monitoring of the postoperative patients' QoL after RCE was carried out based on the questionnaires: EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BLM. Also, we carried out a retrospective comparative analysis of early postoperative complications and mortality after RCE in both groups due to Clavien-Dindo classification.

Results. The mean time of surgery in Groups I was 280 ± 56.3 min, in Group II — 230 ± 60.8 minutes, (p = 0.117), median blood loss was 350 ml (283 - 380) in Group 1 with 270 (245 - 310) ml in Group 2 (p = 0.213). The frequency of complications according to Clavien-Dindo I - II in the Group 1 was observed in 11 (42.3%) patients, in the Group 2 in 12 (35.2%) patients (p = 0.579), complications according to Clavien-Dindo III - IV in the Group 1 were found in 5 (19.2%) patients while in the Group 2 in 7 (20.5%) patients (p = 0.896). The mortality rate was 8.3% (5 people) and there is no statistically significant difference in the mortality rate in both groups of patients (p = 0.241). Based on the analysis of the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BLM questionnaire data, we noted that a total of «good» quality of life in the Group 1 was noted by up to 18 (69.2%) patients compared with the Group 2 in up to 15 (44.1%) patients (p < 0.05). At the same time, the predominance of the QoL was observed on all the main scales of the QLQ-C30 questionnaire: the scale of physical condition, cognitive functions, emotional state and social adaptation. According to the results of the QLQ-C30 questionnaire, there were more financial in the group of patients with an ileal conduit. In the postoperative period, the following symptoms prevailed in both groups of patients: nausea, vomiting, weakness and pain. During the analysis of the functional results, we noted that in Group I,4 (15.3%) patients had nocturnal and daytime urinary incontinence, 2 (7.6%) patients required self-catheterization of the intestinal reservoir periodically, in Group II — 8 (23.5%) patients report urine leakage from the urostomy and skin dermatitis periodically.

Conclusion. Despite the fact of worldwide recognition as a result of the preferences of surgeons in favour of the ileal conduit formation by the Bricker technique during RCE, urine diversion using orthotopic neobladder demonstrates better results with analysis of QoL in our patients. Obviously, long-term studies with a large sample of patients are required to obtain more reliable results of a QoL evaluation after RCE with intestinal urine diversion.

Introduction. A persistent trend towards a decrease in the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is noted both in the Omsk region and throughout the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study. To study anamnestic, epidemiological and clinical features of children diagnosed with renal tuberculosis and other extrapulmonary localizations, established by typical clinical and radiological manifestations or proven bacteriologically or histologically.

Materials and methods. A retrospective study data was carried out from 125 children aged 0-14 years in the period 2001-2018 with registered as «extrapulmonary tuberculosis» with or without lung involvement. Group 1 consisted of 50 patients with a typical clinical and radiological picture of tuberculosis, group 2 - 75 cases, with a specific extrapulmonary process, verified bacteriologically and/or using molecular genetic methods or histology. The differences between groups were determined using Pearson's χ2 test.

Results. The predominance in the structure of confirmed and established extrapulmonary process of renal tuberculosis was established, and children living in urban areas had better accessibility of diagnostic methods for verifying extrapulmonary tuberculosis (62.7%, p < 0.05). A history of concomitant pathology (94.7%, p < 0.05) and the availability of the lesion for bacteriological or histological examination (urine, pus, punctate) increased the likelihood of diagnosis verification. Most of the considered factors for renal tuberculosis in children did not differ significantly. Hyperergic results (up to 24%, p < 0.05) of immunological tests, the presence of complaints of dysuric disorders (21%, p < 0.05) prevailing in groups of children with an established diagnosis of tuberculosis kidneys, only suggest the presence of MBT-infection and do not prove the specific nature of the disease, while systematic preventive work on the examination of the risk group allows timely diagnosis of the disease at an early stage of the disease (up to 26%, p < 0.05).

Conclusion. The widespread improvement of material and technical equipment, the introduction of new diagnostic techniques (PCR of urine) into routine practice, training of medical personnel in assessing prevalence issues and early detection of the disease can improve the quality of verification of this nosology.

Introduction. The problem of tuberculosis (TB) has not lost its significance due to the overlapping epidemic of HIV infection and the addition of specific lesions at its late stages. It is due to the lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a large number of patients. The high mortality rate in HIV-associated TB requires an increase in the interest of all doctors for the early detection of various TB localizations against the background of HIV, allowing the patient to be cured. For urologists, information on the frequency of genitourinary TB in HIV patients is of interest to improve its diagnosis.

Purpose of the study. To identify the proportion of genitourinary TB in the structure of the specific lesions in patients with HIV-associated TB.

Materials and methods. The case-records of 115 deceased patients with a combination of HIV infection and TB were retrospectively analyzed using a continuous method. The number of men among them was 81.7 ± 3.6% (94). The average age of men was 37.1 ± 27.2 years, women — 31.9 ± 6.3 years. The research results were processed statistically.

Results. The average period from the moment of HIV infection detection to the registration of a lethal outcome was 2.8 ± 1.3 years, from the moment of TB diagnosis — 6.96 ± 7.3 years. The majority of patients with HIV infection had a stage of secondary diseases (93.1 ± 2.4%). At the time of admission to the TB dispensary, the average CD4 + lymphocyte level was 131.06 ± 75.8 cells/pL, 10.03 ± 2.5%. Anti-retroviral therapy was observed only in 19 (16.5 ± 3.5%) patients. In deceased patients disseminated pulmonary TB was more often verified at autopsy — 52.2 ± 4.7%, miliary — 7.8 ± 2.5%, infiltrative — 11.3 ± 3.0%. In patients with disseminated and miliary pulmonary TB, foci of dropout were often observed in the spleen (71.7 ± 5.8% and 55.6 ± 16.6%) and liver (46.7 ± 6.4% and 33.3 ± 15,7%). The kidney damage occurred in 60.0 ± 6.3% of patients with disseminated and 44.4 ± 16.6% miliary pulmonary TB. Kidneys TB was confirmed by bacterioscopic urine examination in three cases only (2.6 ± 1.5%) during life. Prostate TB was confirmed by analysis of expressed prostatic secretion on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2.6 ± 1.5%) and was combined with kidney TB. The lesions of the lymphatic system during life were exposed in 17.4 ± 3.5% of patients. A pathomorphological examination revealed TB of intrathoracic lymph nodes in 37.4 ± 4.5%, intra-abdominal lymph nodes — in 22.6 ± 3.9%, peripheral — 6.1 ± 2.2%, more often in miliary and disseminated pulmonary TB. TB meningitis was registered in 31 cases as well as meningoencephalitis in 32 patients during life and at autopsy, respectively. Intestinal TB was confirmed by autopsy in 9.6 ± 2.7% of patients; during life, it was accompanied by the detection of the pathogen in the feces. The pancreatic TB was detected in 2.6 ± 1.5%, TB spondylodiscitis in 1.7 ± 1.2%, myocardial TB in 0.9 ± 0.9% and pericardium TB in 0.9 ± 0.9% cases.

Conclusion. Thus, generalized TB is diagnosed in patients in the late stages of HIV infection, in the structure of which kidney damage is in second place, yielded only to spleen damage. Obtaining this information should form the alertness of urologists in terms of detecting and diagnosing genitourinary TB in patients with HIV infection.

Introduction. Currently, a large number of different surgical methods have been developed for the treatment of postcoital dysuria caused by hypospadias and urethral hypermobility. However, the literature does not reflect clear criteria and indications for a particular treatment method. Various modifications of the traditional urethral transposition can be accompanied by traumatic injury to the abundantly innervated paraclittoral and paraurethral zones, which provokes sexual disorders, up to anorgasmia. The search continues for new, effective, but less invasive techniques compared to traditional surgical transposition.

Purpose of the study. To assess the efficacy and safety of a combined technique: removal of urethra-hymenal adhesions along with a paraurethral injection of gel filler.

Materials and methods. 83 patients with hypospadias and urethral hypermobility complicated by postcoital dysuria were treated since 2015. The age ranged from 17 to 40 years. Examination revealed urethro-hymenal adhesions of varying severity and positive O’Donnell-Hirschhorn test in all women. One patient had previously undergone urethral transposition with a temporary effect. All women underwent surgical treatment, which consisted of the urethro-hymenal adhesions removal and suburethral injection of hyaluronic acid-based filler. The bulking gel (1-2 ml) was injected in a fan-shaped manner paraurethrally in from the point at 6 o'clock of the conventional dial. Thus, a «gel pad» was created, which lifts the meatus and the distal urethra, limiting their mobility and traumatization during intercourse. No complications were observed. The postoperative examination was performed after 1, 6, 12 months.

Results. An improvement in the quality of life was noted in 74 patients (89%) (UDI 6 and PISQ-12 questionnaires). The external urethral orifice was not displaced inwards, the urethra projected above the vaginal entrance during the vaginal examination and the O’Donnell-Hirschhorn test. In 13 (15.5%) patients, the biodegradation of the gel was accompanied by the return of symptoms of various degrees in different terms after the operation (from 8 to 13 months). 8 women required repeat injections of the filler; four patients needed 2 injections and 1 patient needed three injections. The repeated manipulations were performed under local anaesthesia. In 8 cases (9.6%), continued urination disorders were noted despite the termination of the dominance of postcoital dysuria, which required additional complex treatment. Improvement of sexual life was observed in 89% of all operated women according to the described technique. Urethral transposition was not required in any of the patients.

Conclusions. The combined technique improves the treatment's results of female hypospadias and urethral hypermobility complicated by postcoital dysuria with minimal development risk of complications. The disadvantage is the natural bulking gel biodegradation, which may necessitate its reimplantation.

Introduction. The aetiology and pathogenesis of lower urinary tract symptoms, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and erectile dysfunction are not fully understood. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an independent factor in these disorders.

Purpose of the study. To determine the significance of metabolic syndrome in the development and course of dysuria, chronic pelvic pain syndrome and erectile dysfunction.

Materials and methods. The study involved 115 men aged 40 - 60 years. Patients are divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of proven metabolic syndrome. The age of patients in the main group (n = 86) was 52.0 ± 3.5 years. A control group (n = 29) — men without metabolic syndrome at the age of 50.5 ± 2.4 years. Patients were questioned using questionnaires IPSS (International System for the Summary Assessment of Diseases of the Prostate), ICEF-5 (International Index of Erectile Function). An objective (physical) examination was performed. Laboratory diagnostics included the determination of the following indicators: total testosterone, albumin, SHBG (sex hormonebinding globulin), the level of free testosterone was calculated based on the three previous indicators, LH (luteinizing hormone), insulin, glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile. All patients underwent uroflowmetry, bladder ultrasound for determination of residual urine volume, prostate TRUS (transrectal ultrasound) with Doppler blood flow. The significance of the differences was determined by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test; the differences were considered statistically significant if the probability was greater than 95%.

Results. Patients with MS had statistically significant more pronounced symptoms on the IPSS scale and a lower QoL index. According to uroflowmetry, the maximum flow rates in the study group were significantly lower than the control. There was an increase in the duration of urination in patients with MS. Patients with MS presented more pronounced complaints of erectile dysfunction according to the IIEF5 scale in comparison with the control group of observation. The data obtained make it possible to associate MS with the risk of developing lower urinary tract symptoms and urgency in men.

Conclusion. Metabolic syndrome acts as an independent factor in erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism, which leads to urinary disorders.

The review is devoted to the problems of diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC). The search was conducted using the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE databases. CRC is a common disease, especially among women of reproductive age. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are part of the human virome and may be implicated in the development of CRC. Immunostimulating therapy is an effective alternative method for the treatment and prevention of CRC, notably in CRC of human papillomavirus aetiology.

RETRACTED ARTICLE

The review provides an analysis of domestic and foreign sources devoted to the study of the sperm chromatin structure. The pathogenetic pathways of the sperm DNA fragmentation formation are described. The relationship between sperm DNA damage in pregnancy, live birth rate and the recurrent pregnancy losses in the assisted reproductive technique are presented. The prognostic determination's value of the sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility cases is noted.

The article provides an overview of the most significant publications on the topic of male infertility. The main selection criteria were considered the practical significance of the article, as well as the impact factor of the journal in which it was published, according to the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR). As a result, a list of 10 papers was formed that published from October - December 2020. The review included articles on the following issues: sperm DNA fragmentation and oxidative-reductive balance in the male reproductive system, advanced paternal age, hormonal stimulation in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, the relationship of cancer with infertility, as well as embryological methods to increase the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technologies procedures.

A case of the ureteral tumour endoscopic treatment is presented in a patient with primary multiple malignancies. In the case of polyneoplasia, there are usually two or more neoplasms of different localizations, including the organs of the urinary system. The kidney and prostate tumours are diagnosed more often, but in rare cases, ureter neoplasms. It is especially important to perform organ-sparing surgeries when diagnosing ureter neoplasms. In addition, chronic kidney disease after radical nephroureterectomy can be a relative contraindication to further chemoradiation therapy in polyneoplasias. In this patient, along with the breast and vulva neoplasms, a solitary tumour of the right ureter's lower third was detected, which was successfully removed endoscopically. The chosen method of minimally invasive treatment allowed to preserve a normal functioning kidney, to avoid the development of chronic kidney disease in the patient, who was later scheduled for chemotherapy.

Bowen's disease, Keira's erythroplasia and bowenoid papulosis are currently classified as precancerous penis lesions associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). The diagnosis and treatment of precancerous penis lesions is a unique challenge. Most of our knowledge about these diseases is based on small, non-randomized retrospective studies due to the rarity of these conditions and the low incidence of penile cancer.

The article provides an overview of the most significant papers on the topic of precancerous penis lesions. In addition, a case of successful Keira's erythroplasia recurrence treatment using close-focused radiotherapy is also described.

The main point of this article is to show the art of laparoscopic surgery, which can improve the patient’s outcome, decrease operation time and the number of complications.

Congenital anomalies of the urethra are insufficiently covered in the literature, except for hypospadias and epispadias. Therefore, there is a significant gap in information on the diagnosis, classification and management of patients with such anomalies among practising physicians and researchers. Also, the urgency of studying this problem is due to the complexity of these malformations. This fact dictates the need for a very careful and correct approach to timely surgical treatment and subsequent rehabilitation, which will minimize the negative medical and social consequences of these anomalies. Taking these circumstances into account, key data on the most common congenital anomalies of the urethra were summarized in the form of a lecture material based on modern scientific advances. The following malformations of the urethra are considered as the main options: hypospadias; epispadias; urethral valves, obliterations, strictures, diverticula and cysts; Guerin's sinus; hypertrophy of verumontanum; agenesis of the urethra; urethral duplication; megalourethra; urethral fistulas; urethral polyp. Moreover, all types of anomalies are presented with illustrations of real clinical examples. The information from this study can be successfully used in the daily work for practising physicians of various profiles, scientific and pedagogical activities when teaching students at medical universities, residency training, postgraduate studies and in the courses of advanced training and professional retraining, as well as in conducting scientific research in this direction.