Insufficient attention of clinicians to scientific research is one of the major concerns of medical education. To date, urological science is developing so rapidly that it is difficult for physicians to stay within the limits of modern technology. Urological science and clinical management should closely cooperate and share experience. In this regard, it seems useful to understand the problems of thesis research in urology. Of course, to understand not all the problems, but only a part of them, presented on the website of the High Certification Committee. Ten-year analysis (2013 – 2022) allows us to see trends and weaknesses, to form assumptions about the causes of processes and to see adjusting directions of unfavourable influencing factors on scientific research in urology.

Introduction. The main disadvantage of using the rate of ablation of urinary stones as a parameter of thulium lithotripsy is the dependence of this parameter on the energy and frequency of laser pulses. Therefore, the results of measurements of this parameter by researchers differ significantly, since they were carried out at different values of the energy and pulse frequency, as well as at different values of the radiographic density of stones.

Objective. To develop a universal indicator to assess the specific value of reducing the mass of urinary stones when performing laser lithotripsy.

Materials & methods. We have analyzed scientific publications in domestic and foreign specialized publications (2005 to 2023) related to the measurement of urinary stone ablation rate during thulium laser lithotripsy. We used physical methods of estimation of specific values when we developed a universal indicator of specific value of stone mass reduction.

Results. Having processed the data, we obtained the average value of the specific indicator of urinary stone mass reduction per unit of pulse energy during thulium lithotripsy in the ‘dusting mode’, equal to 0.059 ± 0.003 mg/J. The article provides a formula for calculating the "pure" time of lithotripsy, as well as examples of calculating the specific indicator of the stone mass reduction and the time of lithotripsy.

Conclusion. This value can be used both to evaluate the efficiency of thulium laser lithotripsy and to predict the time of lithotripsy.

Introduction. Laparoscopic simple prostatectomy is the method of choice for surgical treatment of large-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the existing limitations of standard approaches are the reason for the development of new modifications.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (LSP), supplemented by temporary internal iliac arteries (IIA) clamping and vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA).

Materials & methods. This multicenter open study included 195 patients (mean age 68.1 ± 6.4 years) who underwent LSP combined with temporary IIA clamping and VUA. The primary efficacy criterias during one follow-up year were the severity of urinary symptoms (IPSS), quality of life, maximum flow rate and post-void residual volume. All complications that developed during the 12-month postoperative follow-up period were registered. Statistical calculations were performed using IBM SPSS 23.2 software.

Results. The average surgery time was 91.5 ± 23.2 minutes. Complications of Clavien-Dindo I, II, III grades were noted in 1.0%, 1.0% and 3.6% of patients, respectively; no complications of group IV developed. The mean bed-days were 5.2 ± 1.5 days, the decrease in hemoglobin was 0.6 ± 1.1 g/dL. No patient needed to use an irrigation system. Based on the results of 12 months postoperative follow-up, positive dynamics was established for average IPSS score (p = 0.003), QoL (p = 0.035), maximum urine flow rate (p = 0.012), residual urine volume (p = 0.004). The maximum urine flow rate one year after surgery reached 24.6 ± 2.8 ml/s, the post-void residual urine volume was 15.1 ± 11.9 ml, the average IPSS score was 9.1 ± 1.5, and the QoL score – 1.0 ± 0.7. During the 12-month follow-up period, a low amount of long-term complications was noted in 4 (2.1%) cases: 3 (1.6%) patients had stress urinary incontinence, 1 (0.5%) patient had bladder neck contracture.

Conclusion. Modified LSP combined with temporary IIA clamping and VUA is associated with favorable efficacy and safety profile of the intervention in patients with large-volume BPH.

Introduction. Currently, transurethral laser ureterolithotripsy is the standard treatment for ureteral stones. It allows you to achieve complete stone fragmentation in one-stage. We were interested in the possibility of performing ureterolithotripsy using a robotic assistant. In fact, robotic systems in medicine and surgery are becoming more and more relevant every year.

Objective. To evaluate the possibilities of robot-assisted transurethral laser ureterolithotripsy, to study its effectiveness and duration in comparison with holmium lithotripsy in standard surgery, as well as to conduct a study and expert evaluation of the symptoms of surgeon fatigue in standard lithotripsy and robot-assisted lithotripsy.

Materials & methods. The study was conducted in 2022 and consisted of two stages. The first stage involved the development and testing of a robotic lithotripsy technique using simulators, including the author's fixation device for the ureteroscope. This device allowed to tightly fix the instrument in the "robotic arm", while maintaining the full range of necessary movements. During the second stage (clinical), the results of holmium ureterolithotripsy in standard and robotic surgeries were studied. Patients with ureterolithiasis were divided into two groups: 14 patients — standard lithotripsy and 13 patients — robotic assisted lithotripsy. The selection criteria were the presence of a single ureteral stone accessible to a semi-rigid ureteroscope.

Results. According to the results of the study, robot-assisted transurethral holmium ureterolithotripsy has the greatest advantages in terms of the fatigue indicators of the surgeon during surgery. So, no significant difference was found in fragmentation time (1 gram of stone). In standard ureterolithotripsy this indicator was 63.8 min/g, and in robot-assisted ureterolithotripsy it was 57.8 min/g (p < 0.1). When comparing the surgeon's fatigue scores, a significant difference between the two groups was determined. Thus, during standard surgery, the surgeon rated the shoulder numbness score at 3.50 points, while during robot-assisted surgery at 0.17 points (p < 0.01).

Conclusion. The study showed that transurethral contact laser ureterolithotripsy with the use of robotic assistant does not increase the surgery time, but the surgeon's fatigue factor is significantly reduced. This may indirectly contribute to reducing the risk of intra- and postoperative complications.

Introduction. Recent research have suggested a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and declining male fertility.
Objective. To study the pathomorphological changes in ejaculate of patients with human papillomavirus-associated infertility using electron microscopy
Materials & methods. We analysed the results of transmission electron microscopy of ejaculate samples from 51 patients aged 22 to 40 years (mean age 32.3 ± 6.4) diagnosed with infertility and abnormal seminal parameters combined with HPV but without other risk factors. 
Results. Asthenozoospermia (35.3%) and asthenoteratozoospermia (31.4%) were more frequently detected among the various variants of abnormal semen parameters, while the proportion of oligoasthenoteratazoospermia and oligoasthenozoospermia was 19.6% and 13.7%, respectively. In all patients, PCR in the ejaculate revealed different HPV types; 17 (85.0%) of the 20 identified viruses belonged to high-risk HPV. HPV types 18 (33.3%), 16 (31.3%) 31 (27.4%) and 33 (21.5%) were predominant. Electron microscopy revealed HPV adherence on sperm with localisation on the acrosome (76.4%) and in the sperm plasma (52.9%) in 80.3% of cases.
Conclusions. Electron microscopy of the ejaculate of HPV-associated infertile patients revealed virus capsids were detected both on the sperm and in the sperm plasma. In addition, various sperm pathology was detected in 100% of cases, which was characterised by dysfunction of the acrosome, axoneme and nucleus. Among the acrosome pathologies, the most frequently observed were impaired integrity of the postacrosomal plate and enlargement of the subacrosomal space.

Introduction. High recurrence rate of bladder neck stenosis after application of existing endoscopic and reconstructive surgeries determines the relevance of studying new methods of treatment. In this respect, it is promising to study the possibilities of thulium laser.
Objective. To study the efficacy and safety of a thulium laser for the treatment of benign bladder neck stenosis.
Materials & methods. The study included 24 men with bladder neck stenosis of benign aetiology who underwent surgical treatment using the «Urolaz» (“IRE-Polus”, Fryasino, Russian Federation) thulium fibre laser. The treatment results were evaluated 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months (mo) after surgery, and then annually.
Results. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 50 mo (mean 21.1 ± 7.1 mo). With these follow-up periods, treatment was successful in 21 (87.5%) patients. The average period of recurrence was 2.8 ± 1.1 mo after surgery. A significant improvement in the following parameters was found in all periods of postoperative follow-up relative to preoperative data: maximum urination rate, average urination rate, residual urine volume, IPSS scores, and quality of life (p < 0.05). Early and late postoperative complications occurred in 8 (33.3%) and 2 (8.3%) patients, respectively, and all of them were mild and corresponded to the Clavien-Dindo I.
Conclusions. The use of a thulium fibre laser for benign bladder neck stenosis makes it possible to achieve sufficiently high rates of efficiency and safety of treatment. This method can be considered among the main treatment options for this disease.

Introduction. Pediatric pyeloplasty ensures a successful outcome in 83 – 97% cases. However, current lack of consensus regarding the definition of "success" related to results of pyeloplasty prevents development of a generally accepted standardised approach to postoperative care management. 
Objective. To study the dynamics in regression of renal collecting system (RCS) dilatation in patients with urteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) following pyeloplasty. 
Materials & methods. We have investigated dynamics in regression of RCS dilatation in UPJO-patients following pyeloplasty. An intrinsic UPJO cause was established in 55 (80%) patients, an extrinsic factor (crossing vessel) — in 14 (20%) cases. The patients underwent surgery involving laparoscopic access, no reducing resection of the renal pelvis was performed. In the pre- and postoperative periods, renal ultrasonography was carried out in the prone position without volemic load and with an empty bladder. Pelvic anterior-posterior diameter measured in the sagittal plane were then compared. In all cases, external RCS drainage technique was employed until restoration of urodynamics in the upper urinary tract according to the pyelomanometry data.
Results. In 3 months following pyeloplasty, a regression is noted in the RCS dilatation by 40%, after 6 months — by 53%, after 12 months –— by 64% of the initial value. In patients with intrinsic UPJO causes, after 3 months following pyeloplasty a regression is noted in the RCS dilatation by 34%, after 6 months –— by 42%, after 12 months — by 61% of the initial value; in patients with extrinsic PUJO factors, after 3 months the regression noted in RCS dilatation is 49%, after 6 months — 56%, after 12 months — 86%. 
Conclusion. Pre- and postoperative renal ultrasound in PUJO cases should be performed in the prone position without volemic load and with an empty bladder. In patients with confirmed restoration of UPJ patency after 12 months following surgery, a decrease in the RCS dilatation by 61% is noted among the patients with intrinsic PUJO causes and by 86% from pre-surgery values in children with extrinsic UPJO factors.

Introduction. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant diseases. The prostate biopsy is the verification standard of PCa. The multifocal biopsy under ultrasound (US) guidance shows high rate of false negative results. As a result, the new diagnostic methods have been discovered. Histoscanning^TM is the new method of visualization. Histoscanning^TM is a new prostate tissue differentiation technology based on US backscatter analysis. The software analyses tissue density builds a 3D model of the prostate and indicates the localisation of PCa-suspect foci that are targeted for biopsy.

Objective. To rate the diagnostic accuracy of Histoscanning^TM and identify the benefits of targeted prostate biopsy compared to the multifocal biopsy.

Matherials & methods. A prospective study conducted between Jan 2017 and May 2021 is presented. Ninety-hundred nine patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsy in Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1 were included. Control group A — 443 men after standard multifocal biopsy, comparison group B — 506 men after combined standard multifocal biopsy together with targeted biopsy using Histoscanning^TM.

Results. In the control group, prostate cancer was detected in 33.4% of patients, while in the group using the Histoscanning^TM device it was found in 39.7%. ISUP 1 high-grade PCa were more frequent in group В — 71.1%, in group А— 52.7%. Isolated lesion of targeted biopsy specimens was found only in 9 patients (4.5%) of the group В. Combined lesion of standard and targeted biopsy specimens was more frequent and was detected in 121 patients. However, in 72 patients no atypical cells were detected in targeted biopsy specimens when prostate cancer was verified in standard biopsy specimens. The efficacy of Histoscanning^TM was comparable to standard biopsy for prostate volumes > 60 cс.

Conclusion. The use of Histoscanning^TM improves the diagnosis of PCa, mainly due to the ISUP 1. Performing only targeted cores is impractical due to the high percentage of false negative results. Combined prostate biopsy with mandatory sampling of targeted biopsy cores along with standard biopsy specimens is indicated. The diagnostic accuracy of Histoscanning^TM showed the best results with a prostate volume <60 cc.

Introduction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that reduces the quality of life of numerous men. Therefore, optimising treatment protocols is always a challenge.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of "Edelim^®" for pathogenetic therapy for erectile dysfunction.

Materials and methods. The study included 67 men (40 – 65 years old) with ED. The patients were divided into two treatment groups: the main group received tadalafil 5 mg PO o.d. + “Edelim^®”, the control group received tadalafil 5 mg PO o.d. only. As effectiveness criteria anthropometric studies were used, IIEF-5 scale, metabolic profile blood tests, and systemic endothelial function was assessed.

Results. Over 12 months of therapy, the IIEF-5 score increased by 28.2% in the main group and by 10.3% in the control group. After 12 months in the main group total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides decreased by 14.8%, 10.7% and 13.9% respectively. The reactive hyperaemia index after 3, 6 and 12 months increased by 6.6%, 10.9% and 22.0%, respectively. In the control group these indices did not change significantly. The main group showed a stable decrease in body mass and waist circumference by an average of 2.6% and 3.8% respectively after 12 months. In the control group, body mass did not change significantly.

Conclusion. Some patients require combination therapy to address metabolic risk factors and disorders, despite the high efficacy of PDE-5 inhibitors in improving erection quality. “Edelim^®” is the first product created specifically for long-term combined pathogenetic therapy of ED with metabolic disorders.

Introduction. The pathogenetic theory of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC / BPS) development declares that due to vascular changes and trophic disorders in the bladder wall, a complex of dystrophic, necrobiotic and sclerotic processes develops, involving all layers of the bladder wall with the subsequent development of fibrosis. Therapy of moderate-to-severe symptoms of IC/BPS that recommended in EAU guidelines is not so effective.

Objective. To evaluate the results of intradetrusor autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in female IC / BPS-patients.

Matherials & methods. A single-centre controlled randomized prospective trial that includes 85 women from 20 to 79 years old and with average disease duration of 4.8 ± 2.1 years. They were divided into two groups: group 1 — 35 patients were treated with total of five cystoscopies and hydrodistension, each once in two weeks for 10 weeks; group 2 — 50 patients were treated with total of 5 intradetrusor PRP-injection (mean platelet concentration was 982 х 10³/l) into 20 – 22 points, each once in two weeks. We assessed pain (VAS-scale), urgency and frequency (PUF-scale, IUS-scale), bladder urinary, Global Response Assessment (GRA), bladder diary and bladder capacity before treatment, after one and 12 months.

Results. Conventional IC/BPS therapy leads to a significant reduction in symptoms one month after its completion, and a similar pattern of symptoms and signs is observed in the PRP-treatment group. However, in group 1, negative dynamics is further determined up to 12 months, but the indicators do not reach the initial values. In contrast, in group 2, we found stabilisation of pain severity and improvement of all other symptoms and signs by 12 months compared to baseline and one month after the completion of PRP-therapy.

Conclusion. The developed method of PRP-therapy of IC/BPS has high efficacy not only at the treatment completion, but also at monitoring of patients for 24 months. PRP-therapy combined with classical treatment will probably have a higher level of efficacy both in terms of symptoms and signs of the disease over a long-term monitoring.

Introduction. The urgency of the issues evaluating the effectiveness of various laser surgery techniques in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is determined by the presence of a significant number of various complications.

Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of two methods of diode laser surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia.

Materials & methods. Retrospective study by monitoring and analysing histories included 52 patients with BPH to compare the efficacy and safety of two techniques of diode laser surgery of BPH. The surgical intervention (prostate enucleation — DiLep or vaporization — DiVap) was performed using diode laser with power of 150 W and wavelength of 980 nm ("MILON" Ent., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation). The efficacy of laser technologies was evaluated according to the following criteria: surgery time (min), prostate volume (cx), post-void residual urine volume (ml), severity of LUTS and quality of life related to urination according to the IPSS-QoL scale (points).

Results. The DiLep time for prostate volume 71.3 ± 20.2 cc was 62 - 95 min (71.3 ± 12.6 min), whereas for prostate volume 70.4 ± 21.3 cc the DiVap duration was 50 – 67 min (59.8 ± 8.6 min) with a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.0001). The mean length of hospital stay for patients in the DiLep group was 3.4 ± 1.2 bed-days, whereas in the DiVap patient group it was significantly shorter and averaged 2.2 ± 1.1 bed-days (p = 0.008).

Conclusion. Diode laser vaporization (DiVap) requires significantly less surgery time and length of hospital stay than hyperplasia enucleation (DiLep).

Introduction. Urolithiasis (UL) is a common disease observed in a huge number of people around the world. Supravesical obstruction (SVO) is a less frequent but potentially dangerous phenomenon that occurs when the urinary tract is blocked above the bladder, often resulting in impaired urinary passage and requiring surgery in most cases.

Objective. To determine the risk factors of complicated supravesical obstruction in patients with urolithiasis.

Materials & methods. We have conducted a retrospective study of diagnostic and treatment results of patients with SVO suffering from UL. Inclusion criteria: patients with established UL and SVO. Exclusion criteria: cancer and/or specific infection leading to SVO. From 2017 to 2019, 6250 patients with SVO were screened and treated at our centre. After assessing compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1106 patients were selected for the study. We studied the risk factors leading to complicated course of SVO.

Results. We evaluated the risk factors for the development of complicated SVO in patients with UL. All results are presented by EXP(B), with a 95% confidence interval in square brackets: complex kidney stones — 5,326 [2,247 – 9,296], ureteral stones — 12,251 [7,256 – 21,226], double-sided stones — 7,256 [2,158 – 9,255], disease length — 4,324 [1,782 – 8,256], urinary tract infection — 19,258 [4,258 – 26,248], blood leukocytosis — 15,116 [3,985 – 21,256], high serum creatinine — 10,244 [5,269 – 16,254], high serum glucose — 5,226 [3,145 – 11,254].

Conclusion. The results of the study suggest that blocking renal and ureteral stones, double-side stones, upper urinary tract infection, low creatinine clearance, diabetes mellitus and disease length are significant risk factors for complicated course of SVO.

Introduction. Nephron-sparing surgery for localised renal cell carcinoma has firmly entered the guideline base of all urological associations. One important aspect of this surgery is the management of the renal wound after partial nephrectomy. The abundance of haemostasis methods is not only the result of relentless search, but also the real lack of universal and effective technologies.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of various suture techniques in partial nephrectomy.

Materials & methods. The suture techniques were studied on laboratory mature male rats weighing 280 – 350 g with bilateral partial nephrectomy.  The groups were assessed: suture time and relative suture eruption rate as the ratio of the number of eruptions to the total number of ligatures tied, morphological appearance of the resection line on days 7 and 28.

Results. In the continuous and novel suture groups, suture time and heat ischaemia time were comparable (p = 0.068). In the group of horizontal interrupted sutures, this indicator was significantly higher (p < 0.01). Optimization of the renorraphy technique using the novel original suture made it possible to reduce the incidence of eruption and hemorrhagic complications by 19.7% compared to the twist suture (p<0.05). The use of a novel experimental suture made it possible to speed up the suturing time by 38.5%, and to reduce the risks of morphologically confirmed acute renal injury by 58.0% compared with the classic suturing technique of renal parenchyma. This group showed mild inflammatory and necrotic changes along the suture line with resorption by the fourth week of follow-up.

Conclusion. Thus, the novel surgical suture made it possible not only to overcome the problem of insufficient mechanical strength inherent in vertical sutures, to reduce the risk of thread eruption, tangential deformities, and ischemia, but also to provide an acceptable heat ischemia time. This contributed to minimal ischemic and inflammatory changes among the three study groups.

Introduction. Testicular appendix (hydatid of Morgagni) torsion (TAT) is relatively rare in patients over 18 years of age. To date, there are no systematised data on the long-term results of TAT treatment depending on the diagnostic and therapeutic tactics undertaken. Accordingly, there are no clear algorithms for the management of such patients.

Objective. To evaluate and compare long-term results of various treatment options for patients with testicular appendix torsion over the age of 18 years.

Materials & methods. The age of patients is from 18 to 46 years. We analysed the treatment results of TAT-patients in three comparison groups: those who received conservative treatment for uncomplicated course of the disease (group 1, n = 17), early surgical treatment for complicated course (group 2, n = 16), and patients who were operated on for complicated course if conservative therapy was ineffective (group 3, n = 17). The exclusion criteria were concomitant scrotal pathology (hydrocele, funicular hydrocele, varicocele, epididymitis); severe somatic pathology (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart attack, stroke). Evaluation of long-term results was carried out 9 – 12 months after the acute episode. Scrotal ultrasound (US) and Doppler US of testicular vessels were compared, endocrine status (levels of total testosterone, luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone) and reproductive function were studied based on the results of semen analysis and MAR-test.

Results. Analyses of long-term clinical data revealed recurrent orchalgia in 29.4% of patients in group 3. Also, in group 3, US revealed testicular asymmetry in 47.1% of patients accompanied by hypotrophy of the affected testis up to 20.8% of the volume compared to the contralateral testis. There were no significant changes and differences in groups 1 and 2. Evaluation of endocrine function showed no significant difference of the studied groups from the control normative indicators. Semen analysis parameters were not significantly changed in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, asthenozoospermia was found in 23.5% of cases, and teratozoospermia was detected in 29.4% of patients.

Conclusion. Conservative treatment for TAT without inflammatory changes does not lead to impaired spermatogenesis and structural changes of both the testis and its appendix in the long-term follow-up period and is the most accepted in practice. Early surgical intervention for inflammatory changes shows similar long-term results. Prolonged conservative treatment for TAT in secondary orchoepidididymitis with delayed surgery significantly worsens long-term results. This fact also demonstrates the need for early surgery in complicated TAT.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a highly prevalent condition in older men, often associated with both lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and reduced quality of sexual life. During the past three decades, researchers have focused on improving new operative techniques to reduce complications of traditional surgery for BPH, such as urethral stricture, stress urinary incontinence. Surgeons have increased interest in investigating the relationship between surgical treatment and postoperative sexual dysfunction such as erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction, as the demand to minimise adverse events has become a concern for more patients.  In view of the above, this paper aims to systematise information on the quality of sexual life of patients after surgical treatment of BPH. This work has shown that this problem remains topical to nowadays. It is noteworthy that only a limited number of well-designed, randomised studies exist on this issue. This is mainly due to the unavailability of a uniform methodology for assessing sexual function in surgically treated BPH-patients.

Introduction. Urethroplasty is a urological operation that is widely used in the management of urethral stricture (US). However, postoperative complications are relatively common in this procedure. In their structure, infection takes the leading position in most cases. Nevertheless, to date the problems of prevention and treatment of infectious complications, be it urinary tract infection (UTI) or wound infection, remain poorly studied.
Objective. To generalise and critically analyse the worldwide literature data on infectious complications in urethroplasty, as well as to study the expediency and validity of infectious conditions treatment before urethroplasty, the efficacy of the protective effect of antibiotic prophylaxis in the aspect of postoperative complications.
Materials & methods. The study was conducted accordance with the recommendations on preferred reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The search was conducted in the PubMed database from 1992 to 2022 by keywords, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria which led to the selection of twenty papers for further study. 
Results. We have observed the influence of UTI on postoperative complications or recurrence. The presence of infectious postoperative complications, in turn, also has a significant impact on US recurrence. Some authors have drawn attention to the influence of surgical aspects, bed-days and aetiology of US on the incidence of surgical site infection. The studies to date provide little insight into the appropriateness of preurethroplasty infection treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis in the context of their impact on complications and US recurrence which leave these issues open to debate.
Conclusion. Infectious complications are the most frequent hospital-acquired sequela after surgery; consequently, more efforts should be made to eliminate them in patients receiving urethroplasty. The systematic review revealed insufficient study of the issues of complications and US recurrence prevention in urethroplasty, no consensus on the optimal antibiotic prophylaxis regimes and the appropriateness of preoperative UTI treatment.

Sliding inguinal bladder hernia (IBH) is a scarce pathology whose prevalence is higher in men and increases with age. Subject literature searches in PubMed, eLibrary, and MedLine databases covering 1990 to 2023 selected 27 articles for analysis. We studied the prevalence of sliding IBH, its diagnostic methods, and therapeutic tactics. The clinical case also presents our own observation of giant sliding IBH. In a 70-year-old man, the bladder was almost completely displaced into the hernia sac, and chronic kidney disease occurred due to urinary retention. After drainage of bladder, normalisation of creatinine and stabilisation of the patient's general condition, we performed hernioplasty.

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare solid benign tumor composed of varying amounts of mature adipose tissue, smooth muscle, and thick-walled vessels. This article presents a clinical observation and immediate results of a two-stage treatment of giant renal AML (preliminary superselective embolization with further partial nephrectomy) in a 58-year-old woman.