Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is one of the most common surgical procedures in urology and is considered the gold standard for surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [1][2]. Infectious complications (ICs) are the most dangerous limitations of endourological prostate surgery. ICs are potentially life-threatening difficult to control conditions and one of the leading causes of sepsis. The incidence of infectious complications during transurethral prostate surgery ranges from 0,5 to 20,0% [2-5]. Most studies provide data regarding immediate and short-term infectious complications. At the same time, there are currently no publications providing comprehensive assessment of long-term infectious complications after TURP. The problem of prevention and treatment of ICs is also complicated by insufficient understanding of the role of undetected inflammation in prostate tissues and the lack of representative laboratory markers.

Objective. To assess the prostate-specific antigen density (PSAd) as a predictor of long-term infectious complications after transurethral resection of the prostate.

This single-center study included 162 patients who underwent mono- and bipolar TURP between 2016 and 2023 with monopolar 24 Fr and bipolar 24 Fr resectoscopes Karl Storz («Karl Storz SE GmbH & Co. KG», Tuttlingen, Germany). Inclusion criteria for the study: prostate volume 30 – 80 cm3, no history of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) at the time of hospitalization and treatment with antibacterial drugs at least one month before surgery, possible presence of latent UTIs, absence of prostate cancer. The exclusion criterion was failure to meet the inclusion criteria.

Preoperative examination of patients was carried out in accordance with clinical guidelines. Prostate volume was assessed using transrectal ultrasound (ml), device — RS80A (Samsung, South Korea), probe — CA2-9A (2 – 9 MHz). Total blood PSA was assessed no more than two days before surgery. PSA density (ng/ml2) was determined using the formula = PSA (ng/ml) / prostate volume (ml). All patients with a total blood PSA level > 4 ng/ml, as well as having digital rectal examination or magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance imaging scanner GE Discovery MR750w 3.0T, General Electric, USA) underwent prostate biopsy at least three months before proposed transurethral prostate surgery in in the presence of indications: a total blood PSA value > 4 ng/ml, digital rectal examination, and magnetic resonance imaging data suspicious for prostate cancer. The number of daytime and nighttime voids was assessed by completing a voiding diary for 7 days. The development of long-term ICs was defined as clinical and laboratory signs of upper and lower urinary tract infections or in presence of confirmed episodes of epididymitis, orchitis and prostatitis.

Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out in the statistical data processing environment IBMÒ SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 («SPSS: An IBM Company», IBM SPSS Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The Kolomgorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors test was used to test the distribution normality and the equality of variance was also assessed. Descriptive statistics for quantitative variables are presented for normal distribution as the mean (M) and standard deviation (±SD) and for non-normal distribution as the median (Me) and interquartile range [Q1; Q3]. To compare quantitative variables with normal and non-normal distribution, Student t-test + Levene test and Mann-Whitney U test were used respectively. Frequencies were compared using Pearson’s chi-square with Yates's correction. For correlation analysis, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictive power of the variable. Nagelkerke R2 was used to calculate the proportion of variance in clinical outcomes that could be explained by the predictors. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the corresponding area under the ROC–AUC curve were used to assess the quality of the model. A sample size of 162 patients is enough to achieve an effect size of 80% for logistic regression.

1) Analysis of demographic details and baseline perioperative data.

Baseline characteristics and a comparative analysis of groups with and without ICs are presented in Table 1. The median follow-up was 4 [ 1.2; 5.4] years. ICs were developed in 24 (14.8%) patients during follow-up: urethritis developed in three cases, epididymo-orchitis in nine cases, acute prostatitis in one case, and cystitis in 11 cases. Age, BMI, prostate volume, daytime and nighttime urination frequency before surgery and the incidence of early postoperative ICs during hospitalization were comparable in groups. The groups had statistically significant differences in baseline total blood PSA and PSA density.

Table 2 presents the correlations between baseline total PSA and PSA density values and the incidence of long-term ICs.

Figure 1 shows the distribution of PSA density by occurrence frequency (%). About 85.2% of values did not reach 0.10 ng/ml2, 10.5% of values were in the range of 0.10 – 0.20 ng/ml2, 1.9% were in the range of 0.20 – 0.25 ng/ml2, 2.5% – represented by values of 0.35 – 0.50 ng/ml2.

2) ROC analysis of the prognostic value of PSA density as a predictor of long-term infectious complications.

The median PSA density was 0.04 [ 0.03; 0.08] ng/ml2. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.67, standard deviation 0.062 (95% CI [ 0.546 – 0.791]) (Fig. 2).

3) Optimal cut-off value of the PSA density for predicting distant infectious complications.

From a sequential series of PSAd values [min: 0.0049 ng/ml2; max: 5.058 ng/ml2] the range with the optimal ratio of sensitivity (54.2% – 58.3%) and specificity (73.9% – 77.5%) was determined: from 0.06 ng/ml2 to 0.08 ng /ml2 (in Fig. 3 the range is limited by the red dotted lines). The cut-off value PSAd is located at the intersection of the green dashed lines.

Table 3 presents the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, coefficients of determination (Nagelkerke R2), and predictor significance (p) at different cut-off levels. The optimal ratio of sensitivity / specificity, positive / negative predictive value, as well as the highest percentage of explained variation in outcome (long-term ICs) was determined for a PSAd cut-off value > 0.07 ng/ml2.

4) Goodness-of-fit analysis for univariate models predicting long-term infectious complication from PSAd values.

ROC curves of predicted and observed IC outcomes were constructed for three cut-off values including the optimal PSAd > 0.07 ng/ml2 to perform a goodness-of-fit analysis of the univariate model. Models’ characteristics are presented in Table 4. The analysis confirmed the highest predictive value of the optimal cut-off value PSAd > 0.07 ng/ml2, AUC = 0.67; 95% CI [ 0.55 – 0.79].

 5) Assessment of the relationship between long-term ICs and PSA density.

To assess the relationship the odds ratio (OR) was calculated for a cut-off value of PSAd > 0.07 ng/ml2. The analysis showed a more than 4 times increase in the odds of developing an infectious complication with an increase in PSAd > 0.07 ng/ml2: OR = 4.3, 95% CI [ 1.7 – 10.5], p = 0.001.

Most studies do not discuss PSA level as a risk factor for the development of infectious complications after TURP [6-11]. According to recent studies about 10.0 – 12.0% of the results of PSA assessment as part of cancer screening are false positive [12]. Discussion of the high rate of false-positive results in total PSA screening tests primarily focuses on overdiagnosis, over-prescription of biopsies, and biopsy-associated complications. From our point of view, it is important to focus attention on the causes of non-cancer-related PSA variability and false-positive results of PSA screening. PSA is nonspecific for assessing the oncological process and is reactive in inflammatory processes in the prostate. It is noted that febrile UTIs in men may be accompanied by an increase in serum PSA values [13]. In a 2023 meta-analysis based on pooled data from three studies (290 patients) our scientific group confirmed that the average preoperative PSA values is significantly higher in patients with postoperative bacteriuria [14]. The present investigation continued the research trend on the PSA role in the issue of infectious status of patients undergoing TURP and confirmed the association between PSA values and long-term ICs.

It is known that PSA values associated with the prostate volume [15]. In current study, it was decided to assess PSAd to increase PSA representativeness as a marker of prostate inflammatory status. The results of the analysis showed a more significant relationship between the PSAd and long-term ICs compared with the total blood PSA. These findings allow us to propose the use of this biomarker as an important predictor of ICs. Our results demonstrate the potential role of PSAd as a marker of undetected inflammatory processes in the prostate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the non-cancer prognostic PSAd values in determining the risk of long-term infectious complications after TURP.

Study limitations included the small sample size, single-centre, and retrospective study design.

This study demonstrates data that defines a new clinical non-oncological significance of PSAd as a predictor of the development of long-term infectious complications after transurethral resection of the prostate. The results of this study suggest further research into the structure of significant predictors of infectious complications in the early and long-term postoperative periods and the development of multivariate prognostic models.

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