urovestВестник урологииUrology Herald2308-6424Rostov State Medical University10.21886/2308-6424-2023-11-3-98-107urovest-760Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWS ARTICLEРоль микроРНК в качестве молекулярно-биологических маркёров дифференциации доброкачественной гиперплазии и рака предстательной железыMicroRNAs as molecular biological markers of benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer differentiationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0434-564XАхоховЗ. М.AkhokhovZ. M.

Залимхан Муаедович Ахохов — канд. мед. наук; ассистент кафедры урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека (с курсом детской урологии-андрологии)

Ростов-на-Дону

Zalimkhan M. Akhokhov — M.D., Cand.Sc.(Med); Assist.Prof., Dept. of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Reproductive Health

Rostov-on-Don

zalimkhan@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-9858ИсмаиловР. С.IsmailovR. S.

Руслан Самедович Исмаилов - канд. мед. наук; ассистент кафедры урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека (с курсом детской урологии-андрологии)

Ростов-на-Дону

Ruslan S. Ismailov - M.D., Cand.Sc.(Med); Assist.Prof., Dept. of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Reproductive Health

Rostov-on-Don

dr.ruslan.ismailov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-0169КоганМ. И.KoganM. I.

Михаил Иосифович Коган — д-р мед. наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ; заведующий кафедрой урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека (с курсом детской урологии-андрологии)

Ростов-на-Дону

Rostov-on-Don

dept_kogan@mail.ruРостовский государственный медицинский университетРоссияRostov State Medical UniversityRussian Federation20230510202311398107Copyright © Ахохов З.М., Исмаилов Р.С., Коган М.И., 20232023Ахохов З.М., Исмаилов Р.С., Коган М.И.Akhokhov Z.M., Ismailov R.S., Kogan M.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/760

Диагностика и лечение рака предстательной железы (РПЖ) сопряжены с уровнем простатического специфического антигена (ПСА). Тем не менее некоторые заболевания предстательной железы, такие как доброкачественная гиперплазия предстательной железы (ДГПЖ) или простатит, также могут влиять на уровень ПСА. Низкая специфичность и чувствительность ПСА приводит к «ненужной» биопсии предстательной железы, что безусловно делает этот диагностический метод спорным скрининговым тестом. Вследствие этого открытие новых, неинвазивных молекулярно-биологических маркёров необходимо для диагностики, лечения, наблюдения и прогноза пациентов с заболеваниями предстательной железы. Данный обзор направлен на оценку «полезности» миРНК в качестве молекулярно-биологических маркёров ДГПЖ и дифференциации с РПЖ.

Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PCа) are associated with the serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). However, certain prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis can also affect PSA levels. The low specificity and sensitivity of PSA leads to a "unnecessary" prostate biopsy, which certainly makes this diagnostic method a controversial screening test. As a result, the discovery of new non-invasive molecular biological markers are necessary for the diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and prognosis of patients with diseases of prostate. This review aims to evaluate the "benefit" of miRNAs as molecular biological markers of BPH and PCa differentiation.

микроРНКдоброкачественная гиперплазия предстательной железырак предстательной железысимптомы нижних мочевых путейпростатический специфический антигенмолекулярно-биологические маркёрырибонуклеиновая кислотаобзор литературыmiRNAbenign prostatic hyperplasiaprostate cancerlower urinary tract symptomsprostate specific antigenmolecular biological markersribonucleic acidreviewReferencesLi J, Shi Q, Bai Y, Pu C, Tang Y, Yuan H, Wu Y, Wei Q, Han P. Efficacy and safety of muscarinic antagonists as add-on therapy for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3948. DOI: 10.1038/srep03948Li J, Shi Q, Bai Y, Pu C, Tang Y, Yuan H, Wu Y, Wei Q, Han P. Efficacy and safety of muscarinic antagonists as add-on therapy for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3948. DOI: 10.1038/srep03948Egan KB. The Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Prevalence and Incident Rates. Urol Clin North Am. 2016;43(3):289-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2016.04.001Egan KB. The Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Prevalence and Incident Rates. Urol Clin North Am. 2016;43(3):289-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2016.04.001Аполихин О.И., Сивков А.В., Комарова В.А., Никушина А.А. Болезни предстательной железы в Российской Федерации: статистические данные 2008-2017 гг. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. 2019;(2):4-13. DOI: 10.29188/2222-8543-2019-11-2-4-12.Apolikhin O.I., Sivkov A.V., Komarova V.A., Nikushina A.A. Prostate diseases in the Russian Federation: data registry 2008-2017. Experimental clinical and urology. 2019;(2):4-13. (In Russian) DOI: 10.29188/2222-8543-2019-11-2-4-12.Zhu C, Wang DQ, Zi H, Huang Q, Gu JM, Li LY, Guo XP, Li F, Fang C, Li XD, Zeng XT. Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):64. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00359-8Zhu C, Wang DQ, Zi H, Huang Q, Gu JM, Li LY, Guo XP, Li F, Fang C, Li XD, Zeng XT. Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):64. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00359-8Platz EA, Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Peskoe SB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Incidence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in a large prospective cohort of United States men. J Urol. 2012;188(2):496-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.125Platz EA, Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Peskoe SB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Incidence and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in a large prospective cohort of United States men. J Urol. 2012;188(2):496-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.125Garg A, Bansal S, Saha S, Kumar A. Study of correlation of urodynamic profile with symptom scoring and ultrasonographic parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(1):215-220. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_698_19Garg A, Bansal S, Saha S, Kumar A. Study of correlation of urodynamic profile with symptom scoring and ultrasonographic parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(1):215-220. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_698_19Catto JW, Alcaraz A, Bjartell AS, De Vere White R, Evans CP, Fussel S, Hamdy FC, Kallioniemi O, Mengual L, Schlomm T, Visakorpi T. MicroRNA in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2011;59(5):671-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.01.044Catto JW, Alcaraz A, Bjartell AS, De Vere White R, Evans CP, Fussel S, Hamdy FC, Kallioniemi O, Mengual L, Schlomm T, Visakorpi T. MicroRNA in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2011;59(5):671-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.01.044Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993;75(5):843-54. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-yLee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993;75(5):843-54. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-yMcGuire A, Brown JA, Kerin MJ. Metastatic breast cancer: the potential of miRNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2015;34(1):145-55. DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9551-7McGuire A, Brown JA, Kerin MJ. Metastatic breast cancer: the potential of miRNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2015;34(1):145-55. DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9551-7Гареев И.Ф., Бейлерли О.А. Циркулирующие микроРНК как биомаркеры: какие перспективы? Профилактическая медицина. 2018;21(6):142‑150. DOI: 10.17116/profmed201821061142Gareev IF, Beylerli OA. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers: what are perspectives? Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2018;21(6):142‑150. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/profmed201821061142Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ. Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature. 2004;432(7014):231-5. DOI: 10.1038/nature03049Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ. Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature. 2004;432(7014):231-5. DOI: 10.1038/nature03049Broughton JP, Lovci MT, Huang JL, Yeo GW, Pasquinelli AE. Pairing beyond the Seed Supports MicroRNA Targeting Specificity. Mol Cell. 2016;64(2):320-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.004Broughton JP, Lovci MT, Huang JL, Yeo GW, Pasquinelli AE. Pairing beyond the Seed Supports MicroRNA Targeting Specificity. Mol Cell. 2016;64(2):320-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.004de Rie D, Abugessaisa I, Alam T, Arner E, Arner P, Ashoor H, Åström G, Babina M, Bertin N, Burroughs AM, Carlisle AJ, Daub CO, Detmar M, Deviatiiarov R, Fort A, Gebhard C, Goldowitz D, Guhl S, Ha TJ, Harshbarger J, Hasegawa A, Hashimoto K, Herlyn M, Heutink P, Hitchens KJ, Hon CC, Huang E, Ishizu Y, Kai C, Kasukawa T, Klinken P, Lassmann T, Lecellier CH, Lee W, Lizio M, Makeev V, Mathelier A, Medvedeva YA, Mejhert N, Mungall CJ, Noma S, Ohshima M, Okada-Hatakeyama M, Persson H, Rizzu P, Roudnicky F, Sætrom P, Sato H, Severin J, Shin JW, Swoboda RK, Tarui H, Toyoda H, Vitting-Seerup K, Winteringham L, Yamaguchi Y, Yasuzawa K, Yoneda M, Yumoto N, Zabierowski S, Zhang PG, Wells CA, Summers KM, Kawaji H, Sandelin A, Rehli M; FANTOM Consortium; Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Forrest ARR, de Hoon MJL. An integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters in human and mouse. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(9):872-878. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3947de Rie D, Abugessaisa I, Alam T, Arner E, Arner P, Ashoor H, Åström G, Babina M, Bertin N, Burroughs AM, Carlisle AJ, Daub CO, Detmar M, Deviatiiarov R, Fort A, Gebhard C, Goldowitz D, Guhl S, Ha TJ, Harshbarger J, Hasegawa A, Hashimoto K, Herlyn M, Heutink P, Hitchens KJ, Hon CC, Huang E, Ishizu Y, Kai C, Kasukawa T, Klinken P, Lassmann T, Lecellier CH, Lee W, Lizio M, Makeev V, Mathelier A, Medvedeva YA, Mejhert N, Mungall CJ, Noma S, Ohshima M, Okada-Hatakeyama M, Persson H, Rizzu P, Roudnicky F, Sætrom P, Sato H, Severin J, Shin JW, Swoboda RK, Tarui H, Toyoda H, Vitting-Seerup K, Winteringham L, Yamaguchi Y, Yasuzawa K, Yoneda M, Yumoto N, Zabierowski S, Zhang PG, Wells CA, Summers KM, Kawaji H, Sandelin A, Rehli M; FANTOM Consortium; Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Forrest ARR, de Hoon MJL. An integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters in human and mouse. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(9):872-878. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3947Tanzer A, Stadler PF. Molecular evolution of a microRNA cluster. J Mol Biol. 2004;339(2):327-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.065Tanzer A, Stadler PF. Molecular evolution of a microRNA cluster. J Mol Biol. 2004;339(2):327-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.065Bartel DP, Chen CZ. Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(5):396-400. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1328Bartel DP, Chen CZ. Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(5):396-400. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1328Fabris L, Ceder Y, Chinnaiyan AM, Jenster GW, Sorensen KD, Tomlins S, Visakorpi T, Calin GA. The Potential of MicroRNAs as Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Eur Urol. 2016;70(2):312-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.054Fabris L, Ceder Y, Chinnaiyan AM, Jenster GW, Sorensen KD, Tomlins S, Visakorpi T, Calin GA. The Potential of MicroRNAs as Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Eur Urol. 2016;70(2):312-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.054Greco F, Inferrera A, La Rocca R, Navarra M, Casciaro M, Grosso G, Gangemi S, Ficarra V, Mirone V. The Potential Role of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus. 2019;5(3):497-507. DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.01.008Greco F, Inferrera A, La Rocca R, Navarra M, Casciaro M, Grosso G, Gangemi S, Ficarra V, Mirone V. The Potential Role of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus. 2019;5(3):497-507. DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.01.008Sharova E, Grassi A, Marcer A, Ruggero K, Pinto F, Bassi P, Zanovello P, Zattoni F, D'Agostino DM, Iafrate M, Ciminale V. A circulating miRNA assay as a first-line test for prostate cancer screening. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(12):1362-6. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.151Sharova E, Grassi A, Marcer A, Ruggero K, Pinto F, Bassi P, Zanovello P, Zattoni F, D'Agostino DM, Iafrate M, Ciminale V. A circulating miRNA assay as a first-line test for prostate cancer screening. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(12):1362-6. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.151Paziewska A, Mikula M, Dabrowska M, Kulecka M, Goryca K, Antoniewicz A, Dobruch J, Borowka A, Rutkowski P, Ostrowski J. Candidate diagnostic miRNAs that can detect cancer in prostate biopsy. Prostate. 2018;78(3):178-185. DOI: 10.1002/pros.23427Paziewska A, Mikula M, Dabrowska M, Kulecka M, Goryca K, Antoniewicz A, Dobruch J, Borowka A, Rutkowski P, Ostrowski J. Candidate diagnostic miRNAs that can detect cancer in prostate biopsy. Prostate. 2018;78(3):178-185. DOI: 10.1002/pros.23427Al-Kafaji G, Said HM, Alam MA, Al Naieb ZT. Blood-based microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate localized prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and allow cancer-risk stratification. Oncol Lett. 2018;16(1):1357-1365. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8778Al-Kafaji G, Said HM, Alam MA, Al Naieb ZT. Blood-based microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to discriminate localized prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and allow cancer-risk stratification. Oncol Lett. 2018;16(1):1357-1365. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8778Cochetti G, Poli G, Guelfi G, Boni A, Egidi MG, Mearini E. Different levels of serum microRNAs in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: evaluation of potential diagnostic and prognostic role. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:7545-7553. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S119027Cochetti G, Poli G, Guelfi G, Boni A, Egidi MG, Mearini E. Different levels of serum microRNAs in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: evaluation of potential diagnostic and prognostic role. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:7545-7553. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S119027Dülgeroğlu Y, Eroğlu O. Serum Levels of miR-223-3p and miR-223-5p in Prostate Diseases. Microrna. 2020;9(4):303-309. DOI: 10.2174/2211536609666201106090458Dülgeroğlu Y, Eroğlu O. Serum Levels of miR-223-3p and miR-223-5p in Prostate Diseases. Microrna. 2020;9(4):303-309. DOI: 10.2174/2211536609666201106090458Knyazev EN, Fomicheva KA, Mikhailenko DS, Nyushko KM, Samatov TR, Alekseev BY, Shkurnikov MY. Plasma Levels of hsa-miR-619-5p and hsa-miR-1184 Differ in Prostatic Benign Hyperplasia and Cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;161(1):108-11. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3357-7Knyazev EN, Fomicheva KA, Mikhailenko DS, Nyushko KM, Samatov TR, Alekseev BY, Shkurnikov MY. Plasma Levels of hsa-miR-619-5p and hsa-miR-1184 Differ in Prostatic Benign Hyperplasia and Cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;161(1):108-11. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3357-7Jin W, Fei X, Wang X, Chen F, Song Y. Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Subjects with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:5873056. DOI: 10.1155/2020/5873056Jin W, Fei X, Wang X, Chen F, Song Y. Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Subjects with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:5873056. DOI: 10.1155/2020/5873056Wang H, Yang L, Mi Y, Wang Y, Ma C, Zhao J, Liu P, Gao Y, Li P. Diagnostic Value of Prostate-Specific Antigen Combined with Plasma miRNA-149 Expression in Patients with Prostate Cancer Based on Experimental Data and Bioinformatics. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022;2022:6094409. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6094409Wang H, Yang L, Mi Y, Wang Y, Ma C, Zhao J, Liu P, Gao Y, Li P. Diagnostic Value of Prostate-Specific Antigen Combined with Plasma miRNA-149 Expression in Patients with Prostate Cancer Based on Experimental Data and Bioinformatics. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022;2022:6094409. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6094409Coradduzza D, Solinas T, Balzano F, Culeddu N, Rossi N, Cruciani S, Azara E, Maioli M, Zinellu A, De Miglio MR, Madonia M, Falchi M, Carru C. miRNAs as Molecular Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2022;24(11):1171-1180. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.05.005Coradduzza D, Solinas T, Balzano F, Culeddu N, Rossi N, Cruciani S, Azara E, Maioli M, Zinellu A, De Miglio MR, Madonia M, Falchi M, Carru C. miRNAs as Molecular Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2022;24(11):1171-1180. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.05.005Abramovic I, Vrhovec B, Skara L, Vrtaric A, Nikolac Gabaj N, Kulis T, Stimac G, Ljiljak D, Ruzic B, Kastelan Z, Kruslin B, Bulic-Jakus F, Ulamec M, Katusic-Bojanac A, Sincic N. MiR-182-5p and miR-375-3p Have Higher Performance Than PSA in Discriminating Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(9):2068. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092068Abramovic I, Vrhovec B, Skara L, Vrtaric A, Nikolac Gabaj N, Kulis T, Stimac G, Ljiljak D, Ruzic B, Kastelan Z, Kruslin B, Bulic-Jakus F, Ulamec M, Katusic-Bojanac A, Sincic N. MiR-182-5p and miR-375-3p Have Higher Performance Than PSA in Discriminating Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(9):2068. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092068Yun SJ, Jeong P, Kang HW, Kim YH, Kim EA, Yan C, Choi YK, Kim D, Kim JM, Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim ST, Kim WT, Lee OJ, Koh GY, Moon SK, Kim IY, Kim J, Choi YH, Kim WJ. Urinary MicroRNAs of Prostate Cancer: Virus-Encoded hsv1-miRH18 and hsv2-miR-H9-5p Could Be Valuable Diagnostic Markers. Int Neurourol J. 2015;19(2):74-84. DOI: 10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.74Yun SJ, Jeong P, Kang HW, Kim YH, Kim EA, Yan C, Choi YK, Kim D, Kim JM, Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim ST, Kim WT, Lee OJ, Koh GY, Moon SK, Kim IY, Kim J, Choi YH, Kim WJ. Urinary MicroRNAs of Prostate Cancer: Virus-Encoded hsv1-miRH18 and hsv2-miR-H9-5p Could Be Valuable Diagnostic Markers. Int Neurourol J. 2015;19(2):74-84. DOI: 10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.74Kang HW, Byun YJ, Moon SM, Kim K, Piao XM, Zheng CM, Moon SK, Choi YH, Kim WT, Kim YJ, Lee SC, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. Urinary hsv2-miR-H9 to hsa-miR-3659 ratio is an effective marker for discriminating prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia in patients within the prostate-specific antigen grey zone. Investig Clin Urol. 2022;63(2):238-244. DOI: 10.4111/icu.20210493Kang HW, Byun YJ, Moon SM, Kim K, Piao XM, Zheng CM, Moon SK, Choi YH, Kim WT, Kim YJ, Lee SC, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. Urinary hsv2-miR-H9 to hsa-miR-3659 ratio is an effective marker for discriminating prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia in patients within the prostate-specific antigen grey zone. Investig Clin Urol. 2022;63(2):238-244. DOI: 10.4111/icu.20210493Byun YJ, Piao XM, Jeong P, Kang HW, Seo SP, Moon SK, Lee JY, Choi YH, Lee HY, Kim WT, Lee SC, Cha EJ, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. Urinary microRNA-1913 to microRNA-3659 expression ratio as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Investig Clin Urol. 2021;62(3):340-348. DOI: 10.4111/icu.20200488Byun YJ, Piao XM, Jeong P, Kang HW, Seo SP, Moon SK, Lee JY, Choi YH, Lee HY, Kim WT, Lee SC, Cha EJ, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. Urinary microRNA-1913 to microRNA-3659 expression ratio as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Investig Clin Urol. 2021;62(3):340-348. DOI: 10.4111/icu.20200488Guzel E, Karatas OF, Semercioz A, Ekici S, Aykan S, Yentur S, Creighton CJ, Ittmann M, Ozen M. Identification of microRNAs differentially expressed in prostatic secretions of patients with prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(4):875-9. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29054Guzel E, Karatas OF, Semercioz A, Ekici S, Aykan S, Yentur S, Creighton CJ, Ittmann M, Ozen M. Identification of microRNAs differentially expressed in prostatic secretions of patients with prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(4):875-9. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29054Bernardes JGB, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues JCG, Vinagre LWMS, Pastana LF, Dobbin EAF, Medeiros JAG, Dias Junior LB, Bernardes GM, Bernardes IMM, Santos NPCD, Demachki S, Burbano RMR. Association of Androgenic Regulation and MicroRNAs in Acinar Adenocarcinoma of Prostate. Genes (Basel). 2022;13(4):622. DOI: 10.3390/genes13040622Bernardes JGB, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues JCG, Vinagre LWMS, Pastana LF, Dobbin EAF, Medeiros JAG, Dias Junior LB, Bernardes GM, Bernardes IMM, Santos NPCD, Demachki S, Burbano RMR. Association of Androgenic Regulation and MicroRNAs in Acinar Adenocarcinoma of Prostate. Genes (Basel). 2022;13(4):622. DOI: 10.3390/genes13040622Gacci M, Eardley I, Giuliano F, Hatzichristou D, Kaplan SA, Maggi M, McVary KT, Mirone V, Porst H, Roehrborn CG. Critical analysis of the relationship between sexual dysfunctions and lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):809-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.037Gacci M, Eardley I, Giuliano F, Hatzichristou D, Kaplan SA, Maggi M, McVary KT, Mirone V, Porst H, Roehrborn CG. Critical analysis of the relationship between sexual dysfunctions and lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):809-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.037Speakman M, Kirby R, Doyle S, Ioannou C. Burden of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - focus on the UK. BJU Int. 2015;115(4):508-19. DOI: 10.1111/bju.12745Speakman M, Kirby R, Doyle S, Ioannou C. Burden of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - focus on the UK. BJU Int. 2015;115(4):508-19. DOI: 10.1111/bju.12745Cho WC. MicroRNAs: potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and targets for therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;42(8):1273-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.12.014Cho WC. MicroRNAs: potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and targets for therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;42(8):1273-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.12.014Kim WT, Kim WJ. MicroRNAs in prostate cancer. Prostate Int. 2013;1(1):3-9. DOI: 10.12954/PI.12011Kim WT, Kim WJ. MicroRNAs in prostate cancer. Prostate Int. 2013;1(1):3-9. DOI: 10.12954/PI.12011Плевако Д.С., Князева М.С., Сидина Е.И., Беркут М.В., Рева С.А., Толмачев С.С., Артемьева А.С., Носов А.К., Малек А.В. Влияние таксанов на экспрессию miR-106 и miR-200с клетками рака предстательной железы in vivo и in vitro. Вестник урологии. 2022;10(4):98-108. DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2022-10-4-98-108Plevako D.S., Knyazeva M.S., Sidina E.I., Berkut M.V., Reva S.A., Tolmachev S.S., Artemyeva A.S., Nosov A.K., Malek A.V. Effect of taxanes on the miR-106 and miR-200c expression in prostate cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Urology Herald. 2022;10(4):98-108. (In Russian) DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2022-10-4-98-108Старцев В.Ю., Шпоть Е.В., Караев Д.К., Кривоносов Д.И. Выявление рака предстательной железы у мужчин молодого и среднего возрастов. Вестник урологии. 2022;10(1):110-120. DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2022-10-1-110-120Startsev V.Yu., Shpot E.V., Karaev D.K., Krivonosov D.I. Opportunities for early detection of prostate cancer in young and middle-aged men. Urology Herald. 2022;10(1):110-120. (In Russian) DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2022-10-1-110-120Song C, Chen H, Wang T, Zhang W, Ru G, Lang J. Expression profile analysis of microRNAs in prostate cancer by next-generation sequencing. Prostate. 2015;75(5):500-16. DOI: 10.1002/pros.22936Song C, Chen H, Wang T, Zhang W, Ru G, Lang J. Expression profile analysis of microRNAs in prostate cancer by next-generation sequencing. Prostate. 2015;75(5):500-16. DOI: 10.1002/pros.22936Fang YX, Gao WQ. Roles of microRNAs during prostatic tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Oncogene. 2014;33(2):135-47. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.54Fang YX, Gao WQ. Roles of microRNAs during prostatic tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Oncogene. 2014;33(2):135-47. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.54Kristensen H, Haldrup C, Strand S, Mundbjerg K, Mortensen MM, Thorsen K, Ostenfeld MS, Wild PJ, Arsov C, Goering W, Visakorpi T, Egevad L, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Høyer S, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD. Hypermethylation of the GABRE~miR-452~miR-224 promoter in prostate cancer predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(8):2169-81. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2642Kristensen H, Haldrup C, Strand S, Mundbjerg K, Mortensen MM, Thorsen K, Ostenfeld MS, Wild PJ, Arsov C, Goering W, Visakorpi T, Egevad L, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Høyer S, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD. Hypermethylation of the GABRE~miR-452~miR-224 promoter in prostate cancer predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(8):2169-81. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2642Alcaraz A, Hammerer P, Tubaro A, Schröder FH, Castro R. Is there evidence of a relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer? Findings of a literature review. Eur Urol. 2009;55(4):864-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.11.011Alcaraz A, Hammerer P, Tubaro A, Schröder FH, Castro R. Is there evidence of a relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer? Findings of a literature review. Eur Urol. 2009;55(4):864-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.11.011

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.