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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urovest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник урологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urology Herald</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2308-6424</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rostov State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21886/2308-6424-2022-10-3-13-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urovest-577</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка обсеменённости и тяжести морфологических изменений простаты при инфицировании её различными титрами уропатогенов: экспериментальное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The microbial load and the severity of morphological changes in the prostate during infection with various titers of uropathogens: a comparison of data from an animal model study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-0169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коган</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kogan</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Иосифович Коган — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ; заведующий кафедрой урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека (с курсом детской урологии-андрологии)</p><p>344022, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д.29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail I. Kogan — M.D., Dr.Sc.(Med), Full Prof., Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation; Head, Dept. of Urology and Human Reproductive Health (with Pediatric Urology and Andrology Course)</p><p>29 Nakhichevanskiy Ln., Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dept_kogan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмаилов</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismailov</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руслан Самедович Исмаилов — кандидат медицинских наук; ассистент кафедры урологии и репродуктивного здоровья человека (с курсом детской урологииандрологии)</p><p>344022, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д.29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan S. Ismailov — M.D., Cand.Sc.(Med); Assist.Prof., Dept. of Urology and Human Reproductive Health (with Pediatric Urology and Andrology Course</p><p>29 Nakhichevanskiy Ln., Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8476-5606</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тодоров</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Todorov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Сергеевич Тодоров — доктор медицинских наук; профессор кафедры патологической анатомии; руководительморфологического отдела Клиники</p><p>344022, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д.29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey S. Todorov — M.D., Dr.Sc.(Med); Prof., Dept. of Pathology; Head, Morphology Division</p><p>29 Nakhichevanskiy Ln., Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sertodorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-4573</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Набока</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naboka</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Лазаревна Набока - доктор медицинских наук, профессор; заведующий кафедрой микробиологии и вирусологии №1 </p><p>344022, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д.29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia L. Naboka — M.D., Dr.Sc.(Med), Full Prof., Head, Dept. of Microbiology and Virology №1</p><p>29 Nakhichevanskiy Ln., Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nula33@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-7848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудима</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudima</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Александровна Гудима - доктор медицинских наук, доцент; профессор кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии №1 </p><p>344022, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Нахичеванский, д.29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Gudima — M.D., Dr.Sc.(Med), Assoc. Prof.; Prof., Dept. of Microbiology and Virology №1</p><p>29 Nakhichevanskiy Ln., Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naguirina22@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коган М.И., Исмаилов Р.С., Тодоров С.С., Набока Ю.Л., Гудима И.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коган М.И., Исмаилов Р.С., Тодоров С.С., Набока Ю.Л., Гудима И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kogan M.I., Ismailov R.S., Todorov S.S., Naboka Y.L., Gudima I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/577">https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/577</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Установлено в экспериментальной модели, что некоторые представители кластеров коагулазонегативных стафилококков (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) и анаэробов (Peptococcus niger) вызывают развитие острого воспалительного процесса в простате при инокуляции в титре 103 КОЕ/мл. Вместе с тем опубликованы данные, свидетельствующие о патогенном потенциале данных микроорганизмов в инфицирующей дозе 102 КОЕ/мл, но подтверждённом в модели острого обструктивного пиелонефрита. Также определены особенности формирования воспалительной реакции на различных сроках, которые требуют детальной верификации и сопоставительной характеристики с таковыми при инфицировании каузативным уропатогеном (Escherichia coli).  </p></sec><sec><title>Цeль исследования</title><p>Цeль исследования. Осуществить по результатам эксперимента следующее: 1) оценку взаимосвязи между динамикой показателей обсеменённости и степенью патоморфологических изменений тканей простаты при инфицировании различными уропатогенами в титре 103 КОЕ/мл; 2) оценку степени обсеменённости и выраженности гистологических изменений тканей простаты на 7-е сутки наблюдения при трансуретральном инфицировании различными уропатогенами в субпатогенном титре 102 КОЕ/мл; 3) принципальный сопоставительный анализ показателей обсеменённости и выраженности воспалительных изменений на 7-е сутки наблюдения после инокуляции различных уропатогенов в титрах 102 и 103 КОЕ/мл.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование на лабораторных животных проведено с использованием протоколов FELASA и ARRIVE. Экспериментальные особи — 20 кроликов «New Zealand». Уропатогены — Е. coli, S. haemolyticus и P. niger. Инфицирующие концентрации — 102,3 КОЕ/мл. Методика инокуляции уропатогена — топическая трансуретральная. Рандомизация — все лабораторные животные были распределены на 4 группы в зависимости от уропатогена (3 — экспериментальные, 1 — контрольная). Сроки наблюдения — 1-е, 3-и, 7-е и 14-е сутки для титра 103 КОЕ/мл, и 7-е сутки — для титра 102 КОЕ/мл, по прошествии которых выполняли эвтаназию и аутопсию с извлечением урогенитального органокомплекса. Далее из различных участков простаты формировали биоптаты. Проводили культуральное и гистологическое исследования тканей простаты стандартными методами и микроскопическую фиксацию изменений. Анализ результатов проводили с помощью программ Statistica 10.2 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA) и GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software Inc., Graphpad Holdings LLC, San Diego, CA, USA) методами описательной и непараметрической статистики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Обсеменённость ткани простаты определена во всех случаях инфицирования с наличием различий (р &lt; 0,05) в некоторых показателях между группами Е. coli и P. niger на различных сроках наблюдения, но только в случае инокуляции тестируемого титра 103 КОЕ/мл. Гистологическая оценка тканей после инокуляции 103 KOЕ/мл верифицировала наличие острых деструктивных изменений в простате с первых суток наблюдения, совокупно более выраженных в группах S. haemolyticus и E. coli. Тем не менее, схожие особенности развития воспалительного процесса в виде гиперэозинофильной инфильтрации на ранних сроках и выраженной конгестии простатических желёз определены в группах S. haemolyticus и P. niger. Сопоставление трендов динамического изменения показателей контаминации (подъём / спад) и тяжести патологических изменений (усиление / разрешение) в тканях простаты на установленных сроках наблюдения показало наличие относительной синхронизации тенденций (с 1-х по 7-е сутки) в группах S. haemolyticus и P. niger, и полной — в группе E. coli. При сравнении медианных показателей микробной нагрузки простаты на 7-е сутки наблюдения не выявлено межгрупповых (р </p><p>&gt; 0,05) различий как в случаях инфицирования титром 103 КОЕ/мл, так и при сопоставлении с данными обсеменённости для тестового титра 102 КОЕ/мл на аналогичном сроке наблюдения. Вместе с тем при инфицировании E. coli и S. haemolyticus в субпатогенной концентрации 102 КОЕ/мл зафиксированы воспалительные изменения, имеющие слабовыраженный диффузный характер, по отношению к таковым после инокуляции данных патогенов в титре 103 КОЕ/мл. В свою очередь, P. niger индуцировал развитие низкоинтенсивной фокусной альтерации в единичных участках тканей простаты.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Детальный анализ результатов культурального и гистологического исследований показал, что E. coli, S. haemolyticus и P. niger обладают значимым патогенным потенциалом в инфицирующей концентрации 103 КОЕ/мл. В свою очередь, при уменьшении титра до 102 КОЕ/мл, E. coli и S. haemolyticus сохраняют свой патогенный потенциал, но выраженность воспалительной реакции существенно снижается. Также установлено, что изменение бактериальной обсеменённости влияет на выраженность воспалительного процесса во всех группах в течение семи суток наблюдения при данной тестируемой концентрации.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. It has been established in an animal model that coagulase-negative staphylococci (Staphylococcus haemolyticus) and anaerobes (Peptococcus niger) cause the development of an acute inflammatory process in the prostate when inoculated with 103 CFU/ml. At the same time, data have been published indicating the pathogenic potential of these microorganisms on a titer of 102 CFU/ml. But it was confirmed for the model of acute obstructive pyelonephritis. In addition, the characteristics of the formation of the inflammatory response at different times were determined, which require detailed verification and comparative characteristics with those during infection with a causative uropathogen (Escherichia coli).</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Based on the results of the experiment, to carry out: 1) an evaluation of the relationship between the dynamics of microbial load and the degree of pathomorphological changes in prostate tissues during infection with various uropathogens in a titer of 103 CFU/ml; 2) an evaluation of the degree of microbial load and severity of histological changes in prostate tissues on follow-up day 7 with transurethral infection with various uropathogens in a subpathogenic titer of 102 CFU/ml; 3) a fundamental comparative analysis of the indicators of contamination and the severity of inflammatory changes on follow-up day 7 after the inoculation of various uropathogens in titers of 102 and 103 CFU/ml.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The animal model was performed using the FELASA and ARRIVE guidelines. Lab animals: 20 New Zealand rabbits. Uropathogens: E. coli, S. haemolyticus, and P. niger. Infectious titers: 102.3 cfu/ml. Uropathogen inoculation technique: topical transurethral. Randomization: all laboratory animals were divided into 4 groups depending on the uropathogen (3 experimental, 1 control). Follow-up periods: day 1, 3, 7 and 14 for a titer of 103 CFU/ml, and day 7 for a titer of 102 CFU/ml. At the end of the follow-up, euthanasia and autopsy were performed with the extraction of the urogenital organ complex. Hereafter, biopsies were taken from various parts of the prostate. Cultural and histological studies of prostate tissues were carried out using standard methods. The results were analyzed using Statistica 10.2 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA) and GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software Inc., Graphpad Holdings LLC, San Diego, CA, USA) programs through descriptive and nonparametric statistics.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Bacterial contamination of prostate tissue was determined in all cases of infection with differences (p &lt; 0.05) in some indicators between the E. coli and P. niger groups at different observation periods, but only in the case of inoculation of the test titer of 103 CFU/ml. Histological evaluation of prostate tissues after inoculation with 103 CFU/ml verified the presence of acute destructive changes in the prostate from the follow-up day 1, which were more pronounced in the S. haemolyticus and E. coli groups. However, similar characteristics of the development of the inflammatory process in the form of hyper-eosinophilic infiltration in the early stages and pronounced congestion of the prostatic glands were identified in the S. haemolyticus and P. niger groups. Comparison of trends in dynamic changes of microbial load (rise / decline) and severity of pathological changes (increase / resolution) in prostate tissues in established follow-up periods showed the presence of relative synchronization of trends (from days 1 to 7) in the S. haemolyticus and P. niger groups, and complete synchronization in the E. coli group. When comparing the median microbial load of the prostate on the follow-up day 7, no intergroup (p &gt; 0.05) differences were found both in cases of infection with a titer of 103 CFU/ml, and when compared with the data on contamination for a test titer of 102 CFU/ml, at the same time observations. At once, when E. coli and S. haemolyticus were infected at a subpathogenic titer of 102 CFU/ml, inflammatory changes were recorded that had a mild diffuse character, in relation to those after inoculation of these pathogens in a titer of 103 CFU/ml. In turn, P. niger induced the development of low-intensity focal alteration in isolated areas of prostate tissues.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Detailed analysis of culture and histological data showed that E. coli, S. haemolyticus and P. niger have significant pathogenic potential at titer of 103 CFU/ml. In turn, when the titer decreases to 102 CFU/ml, E. coli and S. haemolyticus retain their pathogenic potential, but the severity of the inflammatory reaction is significantly reduced. It was also found that a change in bacterial contamination affects the severity of the inflammatory process in all groups during seven follow-up days at a given test titer.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>простатит</kwd><kwd>бактерии</kwd><kwd>инфекция</kwd><kwd>обсеменённость</kwd><kwd>гистопатология</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</kwd><kwd>Peptococcus niger</kwd><kwd>экспериментальное моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostatitis</kwd><kwd>bacteria</kwd><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>microbial load</kwd><kwd>histopathology</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</kwd><kwd>Peptococcus niger</kwd><kwd>animal model</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-315-90068</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonkat G, Bartoletti R, Bruyere F, Cai T, Geerlings SE, Köves B, Pilatz A, Shubert S, Veeratterapillay R, Wagenlehner FME, Mezei T, Pradere B. 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