urovestВестник урологииUrology Herald2308-6424Rostov State Medical University10.21886/2308-6424-2021-9-2-132-141urovest-443Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWS ARTICLEРецидивное варикоцелеRecurrent varicocelehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-6131КотовС. В.KotovS. V.

Котов Сергей Владиславович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор; заведующий кафедрой урологии и андрологии РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России.

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.

Тел.: + 7 (965) 439-48-39

Sergey V. Kotov — M.D., Dr.Sc. (M), Full Prof.; Head, Dept. of Urology and Andrology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova st.

Tel.: + 7 (965) 439-48-39

urokotov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9075-2948КорочкинН. Д.KorochkinN. D.

Корочкин Никита Дмитриевич — ординатор кафедры урологии и андрологии РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России.

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.

Nikita D. Korochkin — Resident; Dept. of Urology and Andrology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova st.

nikoro4kin@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-0836КлименкоА. А.KlimenkoA. A.

Клименко Алексей Алексеевич — ординатор РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России.

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.

Aleksey A. Klimenko — Resident; Dept. of Urology and Andrology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova st.

Dr.KlimenkoAA@yandex.ruРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation20210807202192132141Copyright © Котов С.В., Корочкин Н.Д., Клименко А.А., 20212021Котов С.В., Корочкин Н.Д., Клименко А.А.Kotov S.V., Korochkin N.D., Klimenko A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/443

Варикоцеле является одной из наиболее распространённых проблем современной репродуктологии. Встречаемость варикоцеле в структуре общей мужской популяции составляет 15%, из которых 40% испытывают проблемы с фертильностью. Среди причин мужского бесплодия варикоцеле занимает второе место после идиопатического, таким образом являясь наиболее частой курабельной причиной мужского бесплодия. Наряду с исследованием патофизиологических механизмов бесплодия при варикоцеле остаётся открытым вопрос о причинах рецидива варикоцеле после как оперативных, так и эндоваскулярных методов лечения, а также тактики ведения таких пациентов. Цель обзора - систематизация знаний о проблеме рецидивного варикоцеле, анализ частоты и этиологии рецидива после различных методов первичного лечения, а также выбор оптимального варианта диагностики и лечения рецидива варикоцеле.

Varicocele is one of the most common problems in modern reproductive medicine. The incidence of varicocele in the structure of the general male population is 15%, 40% of which have problems with fertility. Among the causes of male infertility, varicocele ranks second after idiopathic, thus being the most common curable cause of male infertility. While researching the pathophysiological mechanisms of infertility in varicocele, the question of the reasons for the varicocele relapses, both after surgical and endovascular methods of treatment remains open, as well as the tactics of managing such patients. The review aimed to systematize knowledge about the problem of recurrent varicocele, to analyze the frequency and etiology of relapses after various methods of primary treatment, as well as to select the optimal diagnostic and treatment option for varicocele recurrence.

обзорварикоцелеварикоцелэктомиярецидив варикоцелемужское бесплодиеreviewvaricocelevaricocelectomyrecurrent varicocelemale infertilityReferencesAndrology. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM and Nieschlag S (eds). Male reproductive health and dysfunction. In: Male reproductive health and dysfunction. Springer Verlag: Berlin; 2010.Andrology. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM and Nieschlag S (eds). Male reproductive health and dysfunction. In: Male reproductive health and dysfunction. Springer Verlag: Berlin; 2010.Rotker K, Sigman M. Recurrent varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):229-33. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.171578.Rotker K, Sigman M. Recurrent varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):229-33. DOI: 10.4103/1008-682X.171578.Cayan S, Kadioglu TC, Tefekli A, Kadioglu A, Tellaloglu S. Comparison of results and complications of high ligation surgery and microsurgical high inguinal varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele. Urology. 2000;55(5):750-4. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00603-2Cayan S, Kadioglu TC, Tefekli A, Kadioglu A, Tellaloglu S. Comparison of results and complications of high ligation surgery and microsurgical high inguinal varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele. Urology. 2000;55(5):750-4. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00603-2Watanabe M, Nagai A, Kusumi N, Tsuboi H, Nasu Y, Kumon H. Minimal invasiveness and effectivity of subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a comparative study with retroperitoneal high and laparoscopic approaches. Int J Urol. 2005;12(10):892-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01142.xWatanabe M, Nagai A, Kusumi N, Tsuboi H, Nasu Y, Kumon H. Minimal invasiveness and effectivity of subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a comparative study with retroperitoneal high and laparoscopic approaches. Int J Urol. 2005;12(10):892-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01142.xGhanem H, Anis T, El-Nashar A, Shamloul R. Subinguinal microvaricocelectomy versus retroperitoneal varicocelectomy: comparative study of complications and surgical outcome. Urology. 2004;64(5):1005-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.060Ghanem H, Anis T, El-Nashar A, Shamloul R. Subinguinal microvaricocelectomy versus retroperitoneal varicocelectomy: comparative study of complications and surgical outcome. Urology. 2004;64(5):1005-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.060Yavetz H, Levy R, Papo J, Yogev L, Paz G, Jaffa AJ, Homonnai ZT. Efficacy of varicocele embolization versus ligation of the left internal spermatic vein for improvement of sperm quality. Int J Androl. 1992;15(4):338-44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01133.xYavetz H, Levy R, Papo J, Yogev L, Paz G, Jaffa AJ, Homonnai ZT. Efficacy of varicocele embolization versus ligation of the left internal spermatic vein for improvement of sperm quality. Int J Androl. 1992;15(4):338-44. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2605.1992.tb01133.xShiraishi K, Oka S, Ito H, Matsuyama H. Comparison of the results and complications of retroperitoneal, microsurgical subinguinal, and high inguinal approaches in the treatment of varicoceles. J Androl. 2012;33(6):1387-93. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.112.016444Shiraishi K, Oka S, Ito H, Matsuyama H. Comparison of the results and complications of retroperitoneal, microsurgical subinguinal, and high inguinal approaches in the treatment of varicoceles. J Androl. 2012;33(6):1387-93. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.112.016444Mehan DJ, Andrus CH, Parra RO. Laparoscopic internal spermatic vein ligation: report of a new technique. Fertil Steril. 1992;58(6):1263-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55585-xMehan DJ, Andrus CH, Parra RO. Laparoscopic internal spermatic vein ligation: report of a new technique. Fertil Steril. 1992;58(6):1263-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55585-xEnquist E, Stein BS, Sigman M. Laparoscopic versus subinguinal varicocelectomy: a comparative study. Fertil Steril. 1994;61(6):1092-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56762-4Enquist E, Stein BS, Sigman M. Laparoscopic versus subinguinal varicocelectomy: a comparative study. Fertil Steril. 1994;61(6):1092-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56762-4Jarow JP, Assimos DG, Pittaway DE. Effectiveness of laparoscopic varicocelectomy. Urology. 1993;42(5):544-7. DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(93)90269-gJarow JP, Assimos DG, Pittaway DE. Effectiveness of laparoscopic varicocelectomy. Urology. 1993;42(5):544-7. DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(93)90269-gMilad MF, Zein TA, Hussein EA, Ayyat FM, Schneider MP, Sant GR. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy for infertility. An initial report from Saudi Arabia. Eur Urol. 1996;29(4):462-5. DOI: 10.1159/000473797Milad MF, Zein TA, Hussein EA, Ayyat FM, Schneider MP, Sant GR. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy for infertility. An initial report from Saudi Arabia. Eur Urol. 1996;29(4):462-5. DOI: 10.1159/000473797Al-Kandari AM, Shabaan H, Ibrahim HM, Elshebiny YH, Shokeir AA. Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urology. 2007;69(3):417-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.057Al-Kandari AM, Shabaan H, Ibrahim HM, Elshebiny YH, Shokeir AA. Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urology. 2007;69(3):417-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.057Al-Said S, Al-Naimi A, Al-Ansari A, Younis N, Shamsodini A, A-sadiq K, Shokeir AA. Varicocelectomy for male infertility: a comparative study of open, laparoscopic and microsurgical approaches. J Urol. 2008;180(1):266-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.050Al-Said S, Al-Naimi A, Al-Ansari A, Younis N, Shamsodini A, A-sadiq K, Shokeir AA. Varicocelectomy for male infertility: a comparative study of open, laparoscopic and microsurgical approaches. J Urol. 2008;180(1):266-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.050Ding H, Tian J, Du W, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang Z. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int. 2012;110(10):1536-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11093.xDing H, Tian J, Du W, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang Z. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int. 2012;110(10):1536-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11093.xChung SD, Wu CC, Lin VC, Ho CH, Yang SS, Tsai YC. Minilaparoscopic varicocelectomy with preservation of testicular artery and lymphatic vessels by using intracorporeal knot-tying technique: five-year experience. World J Surg. 2011;35(8):1785-90. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1115-6Chung SD, Wu CC, Lin VC, Ho CH, Yang SS, Tsai YC. Minilaparoscopic varicocelectomy with preservation of testicular artery and lymphatic vessels by using intracorporeal knot-tying technique: five-year experience. World J Surg. 2011;35(8):1785-90. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1115-6Ross LS, Ruppman N. Varicocele vein ligation in 565 patients under local anesthesia: a long-term review of technique, results and complications in light of proposed management by laparoscopy. J Urol. 1993;149(5 Pt 2):1361-3. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36392-9Ross LS, Ruppman N. Varicocele vein ligation in 565 patients under local anesthesia: a long-term review of technique, results and complications in light of proposed management by laparoscopy. J Urol. 1993;149(5 Pt 2):1361-3. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36392-9Abdel-Maguid AF, Othman I. Microsurgical and nonmagnified subinguinal varicocelectomy for infertile men: a comparative study. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(7):2600-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.063Abdel-Maguid AF, Othman I. Microsurgical and nonmagnified subinguinal varicocelectomy for infertile men: a comparative study. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(7):2600-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.063Goldstein M, Gilbert BR, Dicker AP, Dwosh J, Gnecco C. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: an artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J Urol. 1992;148(6):1808-11. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37035-0Goldstein M, Gilbert BR, Dicker AP, Dwosh J, Gnecco C. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: an artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J Urol. 1992;148(6):1808-11. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37035-0Ito H, Kotake T, Hamano M, Yanagi S. Results obtained from microsurgical therapy of varicocele. Urol Int. 1993;51(4):225-7. DOI: 10.1159/000282549Ito H, Kotake T, Hamano M, Yanagi S. Results obtained from microsurgical therapy of varicocele. Urol Int. 1993;51(4):225-7. DOI: 10.1159/000282549Jungwirth A, Gogus C, Hauser G, Gomahr A, Schmeller N, Aulitzky W, Frick J. Clinical outcome of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in infertile men. Andrologia. 2001;33(2):71-4. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2001.00407.xJungwirth A, Gogus C, Hauser G, Gomahr A, Schmeller N, Aulitzky W, Frick J. Clinical outcome of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in infertile men. Andrologia. 2001;33(2):71-4. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2001.00407.xKumar R, Gupta NP. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy: evaluation of the results. Urol Int. 2003;71(4):368-72. DOI: 10.1159/000074087Kumar R, Gupta NP. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy: evaluation of the results. Urol Int. 2003;71(4):368-72. DOI: 10.1159/000074087Marmar JL, Kim Y. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy: a technical critique and statistical analysis of semen and pregnancy data. J Urol. 1994;152(4):1127-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32521-1Marmar JL, Kim Y. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy: a technical critique and statistical analysis of semen and pregnancy data. J Urol. 1994;152(4):1127-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32521-1Orhan I, Onur R, Semercioz A, Firdolas F, Ardicoglu A, Koksal IT. Comparison of two different microsurgical methods in the treatment of varicocele. Arch Androl. 2005;51(3):213-20. DOI: 10.1080/01485010590919648Orhan I, Onur R, Semercioz A, Firdolas F, Ardicoglu A, Koksal IT. Comparison of two different microsurgical methods in the treatment of varicocele. Arch Androl. 2005;51(3):213-20. DOI: 10.1080/01485010590919648Kim SO, Jung H, Park K. Outcomes of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy for painful varicoceles. J Androl. 2012;33(5):872-5. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.014993Kim SO, Jung H, Park K. Outcomes of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy for painful varicoceles. J Androl. 2012;33(5):872-5. DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.014993Nabi G, Asterlings S, Greene DR, Marsh RL. Percutaneous embolization of varicoceles: outcomes and correlation of semen improvement with pregnancy. Urology. 2004;63(2):359-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.026Nabi G, Asterlings S, Greene DR, Marsh RL. Percutaneous embolization of varicoceles: outcomes and correlation of semen improvement with pregnancy. Urology. 2004;63(2):359-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.026Gandini R, Konda D, Reale CA, Pampana E, Maresca L, Spinelli A, Stefanini M, Simonetti G. Male varicocele: transcatheter foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate--outcome in 244 patients. Radiology. 2008;246(2):612-8. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2462061295Gandini R, Konda D, Reale CA, Pampana E, Maresca L, Spinelli A, Stefanini M, Simonetti G. Male varicocele: transcatheter foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate--outcome in 244 patients. Radiology. 2008;246(2):612-8. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2462061295Li L, Zeng XQ, Li YH. Safety and effectiveness of transcatheter foam sclerotherapy for testicular varicocele with a fluoroscopic tracing technique. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(6):824-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.02.026Li L, Zeng XQ, Li YH. Safety and effectiveness of transcatheter foam sclerotherapy for testicular varicocele with a fluoroscopic tracing technique. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(6):824-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.02.026Galfano A, Novara G, Iafrate M, Fracalanza S, Novella G, Cavalleri S, Artibani W, Ficarra V. Surgical outcomes after modified antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy: a prospective analysis of 700 consecutive patients with idiopathic varicocele. J Urol. 2008;179(5):1933-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.042Galfano A, Novara G, Iafrate M, Fracalanza S, Novella G, Cavalleri S, Artibani W, Ficarra V. Surgical outcomes after modified antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy: a prospective analysis of 700 consecutive patients with idiopathic varicocele. J Urol. 2008;179(5):1933-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.042Wishahi MM. Anatomy of the spermatic venous plexus (pampiniform plexus) in men with and without varicocele: intraoperative venographic study. J Urol. 1992;147(5):1285-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37544-4Wishahi MM. Anatomy of the spermatic venous plexus (pampiniform plexus) in men with and without varicocele: intraoperative venographic study. J Urol. 1992;147(5):1285-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37544-4Lechter A, Lopez G, Martinez C, Camacho J. Anatomy of the gonadal veins: a reappraisal. Surgery. 1991;109(6):735-9. PMID: 2042092Lechter A, Lopez G, Martinez C, Camacho J. Anatomy of the gonadal veins: a reappraisal. Surgery. 1991;109(6):735-9. PMID: 2042092Favorito LA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ. Applied anatomic study of testicular veins in adult cadavers and in human fetuses. Int Braz J Urol. 2007;33(2):176-80. DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382007000200007Favorito LA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJ. Applied anatomic study of testicular veins in adult cadavers and in human fetuses. Int Braz J Urol. 2007;33(2):176-80. DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382007000200007Valji K. Endocrine, exocrine and reproductive system. In: Valji K, ed. The practice of interventional radiology, with online cases and video. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;.2011.Valji K. Endocrine, exocrine and reproductive system. In: Valji K, ed. The practice of interventional radiology, with online cases and video. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;.2011.Bahren W, Lenz M, Porst H, Wierschin W. Nebenwirkungen, Komplikationen und Kontraindikationen der perkutanen Sklerotherapie der V. spermatica interna zur Behandlung der idiopathischen Varikozele [Side effects, complications and contraindications for percutaneous sclerotherapy of the internal spermatic vein in the treatment of idiopathic varicocele]. Rofo. 1983;138(2):172-9. (In German). DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1055705Bahren W, Lenz M, Porst H, Wierschin W. Nebenwirkungen, Komplikationen und Kontraindikationen der perkutanen Sklerotherapie der V. spermatica interna zur Behandlung der idiopathischen Varikozele [Side effects, complications and contraindications for percutaneous sclerotherapy of the internal spermatic vein in the treatment of idiopathic varicocele]. Rofo. 1983;138(2):172-9. (In German). DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1055705Murray RR Jr, Mitchell SE, Kadir S, Kaufman SL, Chang R, Kinnison ML, Smyth JW, White RI Jr. Comparison of recurrent varicocele anatomy following surgery and percutaneous balloon occlusion. J Urol. 1986;135(2):286-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45615-1Murray RR Jr, Mitchell SE, Kadir S, Kaufman SL, Chang R, Kinnison ML, Smyth JW, White RI Jr. Comparison of recurrent varicocele anatomy following surgery and percutaneous balloon occlusion. J Urol. 1986;135(2):286-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45615-1Sze DY, Kao JS, Frisoli JK, McCallum SW, Kennedy WA 2nd, Razavi MK. Persistent and recurrent postsurgical varicoceles: venographic anatomy and treatment with N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(4):539-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.11.009Sze DY, Kao JS, Frisoli JK, McCallum SW, Kennedy WA 2nd, Razavi MK. Persistent and recurrent postsurgical varicoceles: venographic anatomy and treatment with N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(4):539-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.11.009Goren MR, Erbay G, Ozer C, Kayra MV, Hasirci E. Can We Predict the Outcome of Varicocelectomy Based on the Duration of Venous Reflux? Urology. 2016;88:81-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.11.032Goren MR, Erbay G, Ozer C, Kayra MV, Hasirci E. Can We Predict the Outcome of Varicocelectomy Based on the Duration of Venous Reflux? Urology. 2016;88:81-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.11.032Gorur S, Candan Y, Helli A, Akcin S, Cekirge SD, Kaya YS, Cekic C, Kiper AN. Low body mass index might be a predisposing factor for varicocele recurrence: a prospective study. Andrologia. 2015;47(4):448-54. DOI: 10.1111/and.12287Gorur S, Candan Y, Helli A, Akcin S, Cekirge SD, Kaya YS, Cekic C, Kiper AN. Low body mass index might be a predisposing factor for varicocele recurrence: a prospective study. Andrologia. 2015;47(4):448-54. DOI: 10.1111/and.12287Li S, Liu Q, Wang J, Pang X, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Fu Y, Guo J, Tang Y, Zeng H, Yang Y, Zhu Z. Association Between Left Renal Vein Entrapment and Varicocele Recurrence: A Cohort Study in 3042 Patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8:10534. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28887-9Li S, Liu Q, Wang J, Pang X, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Fu Y, Guo J, Tang Y, Zeng H, Yang Y, Zhu Z. Association Between Left Renal Vein Entrapment and Varicocele Recurrence: A Cohort Study in 3042 Patients. Sci Rep. 2018;8:10534. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28887-9Coolsaet BL. The varicocele syndrome: venography determining the optimal level for surgical management. J Urol. 1980;124(6):833-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55688-8Coolsaet BL. The varicocele syndrome: venography determining the optimal level for surgical management. J Urol. 1980;124(6):833-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55688-8Franco G, Iori F, de Dominicis C, Dal Forno S, Mander A, Laurenti C. Challenging the role of cremasteric reflux in the pathogenesis of varicocele using a new venographic approach. J Urol. 1999;161(1):117-21. PMID: 10037382Franco G, Iori F, de Dominicis C, Dal Forno S, Mander A, Laurenti C. Challenging the role of cremasteric reflux in the pathogenesis of varicocele using a new venographic approach. J Urol. 1999;161(1):117-21. PMID: 10037382Franco G, Leonardo C. Is selective internal spermatic venography necessary in detecting recurrent varicocele after surgical repair? Eur Urol. 2002;42(2):192-3. DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00262-2Franco G, Leonardo C. Is selective internal spermatic venography necessary in detecting recurrent varicocele after surgical repair? Eur Urol. 2002;42(2):192-3. DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00262-2Jargiello T, Drelich-Zbroja A, Falkowski A, Sojka M, Pyra K, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M. Endovascular transcatheter embolization of recurrent postsurgical varicocele: anatomic reasons for surgical failure. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(1):63-9. DOI: 10.1177/0284185113519624Jargiello T, Drelich-Zbroja A, Falkowski A, Sojka M, Pyra K, Szczerbo-Trojanowska M. Endovascular transcatheter embolization of recurrent postsurgical varicocele: anatomic reasons for surgical failure. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(1):63-9. DOI: 10.1177/0284185113519624Жуков О.Б., Уколов В.А., Бабушкина Е.В., Евдокимов В.В. Рецидивирующее варикоцеле и синдром May-Thurner. Вестник урологии. 2018;6(3):17-25. DOI: 10.21886/23086424-2018-6-3-17-25Zhukov O.B., Ukolov V.A., Babushkina E.V., Evdokimov V.V. Recurrent varicocele and May-Thurner syndrome. Vestnik Urologii. 2018;6(3):17-25. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21886/23086424-2018-6-3-17-25Капто А.А. Синдром Мея-Тернера и варикозная болезнь вен органов малого таза у мужчин. Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2018;19(4):28-38. DOI: 10.17650/2070-9781-2018-19-4-28-38Kapto A.A. May-Thurner syndrome and varicose veins of the pelvic organs in men. Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2018;19(4):28-38. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/2070-97812018-19-4-28-38Студенникова В.В., Севергина Л.О., Цариченко Д.Г., Исмаилов М.Т., Коровин И.А., Рапопорт Л.М., Захаров А.И., Петрухина Ю.В. Современный взгляд на патогенез варикоцеле и проблему развития его рецидивов. Урология. 2018;1:150-154. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2018.1.150-154Studennikova V.V., Severgina L.O., Carichenko D.G., Ismailov M.T., Korovin I.A., Rapoport L.M., Zaharov A.I., Petruhina Ju.V. An actual view on the varicocele pathogenesis and the problem of the reccurence development. Urologiia. 2018;1:150-154. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18565/urology.2018.1.150-154Кравцов Ю.А., Макаров В.И., Сичинава З.А., Полушин О.Г., Яворская М.В. Роль синдрома недифференцированной дисплазии соединительной ткани в рецидивировании варикоцеле. Сибирский медицинский журнал. 2011;26(3):92-96. eLIBRARY ID: 16903684Kravtsov Yu.A., Makarov V.I., Sichinava Z.A., Polushin O.G., Yavorskaya M.V. The role of the undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia syndrome in the recurrence of varicocele. Sibirskii meditsinskii zhurnal. 2011;26(3):92-96. (In Russ.). eLIBRARY ID: 16903684Cvitanic OA, Cronan JJ, Sigman M, Landau ST. Varicoceles: postoperative prevalence--a prospective study with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1993;187(3):711-4. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.187.3.8497618Cvitanic OA, Cronan JJ, Sigman M, Landau ST. Varicoceles: postoperative prevalence--a prospective study with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1993;187(3):711-4. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.187.3.8497618Yan TZ, Wu XQ, Wang ZW. Treatment effect of TUSPLV on recurrent varicocele. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(1):45-48. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3931Yan TZ, Wu XQ, Wang ZW. Treatment effect of TUSPLV on recurrent varicocele. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(1):45-48. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3931Grober ED, Chan PT, Zini A, Goldstein M. Microsurgical treatment of persistent or recurrent varicocele. Fertil Steril. 2004;82(3):718-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028Grober ED, Chan PT, Zini A, Goldstein M. Microsurgical treatment of persistent or recurrent varicocele. Fertil Steril. 2004;82(3):718-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028Madjar S, Moskovitz B, Issaq E, Weinberger M, Nativ O. Low inguinal approach for correction of recurrent varicocele. Int Urol Nephrol. 1998;30(1):69-73. DOI: 10.1007/BF02550281Madjar S, Moskovitz B, Issaq E, Weinberger M, Nativ O. Low inguinal approach for correction of recurrent varicocele. Int Urol Nephrol. 1998;30(1):69-73. DOI: 10.1007/BF02550281Mazzoni G, Minucci S, Gentile V. Recurrent varicocele: role of antegrade sclerotherapy as first choice treatment. Eur Urol. 2002;41(6):614-8; discussion 618. DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00128-8Mazzoni G, Minucci S, Gentile V. Recurrent varicocele: role of antegrade sclerotherapy as first choice treatment. Eur Urol. 2002;41(6):614-8; discussion 618. DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00128-8Kim J, Shin JH, Yoon HK, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Kim EY, Sung KB. Persistent or recurrent varicocoele after failed varicocoelectomy: outcome in patients treated using percutaneous transcatheter embolization. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(4):359-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.10.007Kim J, Shin JH, Yoon HK, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Kim EY, Sung KB. Persistent or recurrent varicocoele after failed varicocoelectomy: outcome in patients treated using percutaneous transcatheter embolization. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(4):359-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.10.007fayan S, Orhan i, Akbay E, Kadioglu A. Systematic review of treatment methods for recurrent varicoceles to compare post-treatment sperm parameters, pregnancy and complication rates. Andrologia. 2019;51(11):e13419. DOI: 10.1111/and.13419fayan S, Orhan i, Akbay E, Kadioglu A. Systematic review of treatment methods for recurrent varicoceles to compare post-treatment sperm parameters, pregnancy and complication rates. Andrologia. 2019;51(11):e13419. DOI: 10.1111/and.13419Ozkaptan O, Balaban M, Sevinc C, fubuk A, Sahan A, Akca O. Impact of intra-operative doppler ultrasound assistance during microsurgical varicocelectomy on operative outcome and sperm parameters. Andrologia. 2020;52(7):e13641. DOI: 10.1111/and.13641Ozkaptan O, Balaban M, Sevinc C, fubuk A, Sahan A, Akca O. Impact of intra-operative doppler ultrasound assistance during microsurgical varicocelectomy on operative outcome and sperm parameters. Andrologia. 2020;52(7):e13641. DOI: 10.1111/and.13641Chen SS. Predictive factors of successful redo varicocelectomy in infertile patients with recurrent varicocele. Andrologia. 2014;46(7):738-43. DOI: 10.1111/and.12142Chen SS. Predictive factors of successful redo varicocelectomy in infertile patients with recurrent varicocele. Andrologia. 2014;46(7):738-43. DOI: 10.1111/and.12142fayan S, Akbay E. Fate of Recurrent or Persistent Varicocele in the Era of Assisted Reproduction Technology: Microsurgical Subinguinal Redo Varicocelectomy Versus Observation. Urology. 2018;117:64-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.03.046fayan S, Akbay E. Fate of Recurrent or Persistent Varicocele in the Era of Assisted Reproduction Technology: Microsurgical Subinguinal Redo Varicocelectomy Versus Observation. Urology. 2018;117:64-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.03.046

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.