urovestВестник урологииUrology Herald2308-6424Rostov State Medical University10.21886/2308-6424-2029-8-1-75-91urovest-308Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWS ARTICLEМировой секулярный тренд размера наружных половых желез у мужчин: обзор и анализ литературыGlobal Secular Trend of Gonadal Size in Men: Review and Analysis of Publicationshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7696-4533СероуховА. Ю.SeroukhovA. Yu.

Александр Юрьевич Сероухов ‒ cпециалист уролог

тел.: +233 50 396 23 35

Alexander Yurevich Seroukhov ‒ M.D., Specialist Urologist

tel.: +233 50 396 23 35

dr.seroukhov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7689-1159АфокоА. А.AfokoA. A.

Акисибадек Алекз Афоко ‒ к.м.н.; консультант уролог, старший лектор

Akisibadek Alekz Afoko ‒ M.D., Cand. Sc.(M); Consultant Urologist, Senior Lecturer

a.afoko@uds.udu.ghhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5755-5950МамаевИ. Э.MamaevI. E.

Ибрагим Энверович Мамаев ‒ заведующий урологическим отделением; к.м.н.; доцент кафедры урологии и андрологии, 

Ibrahim Enverovich Mamaev ‒ Head, Urology Division; M.D., Cand. Sc. (M), Ass. Prof.; Ass. Prof., Dept. of Urology and Andrology

dr.mamaev@mail.ruБазовая больница ТамалеГанаTamale Teaching HospitalGhanaУниверситет по Исследованию Проблем РазвитияГанаUniversity for Development StudiesGhanaГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница имени В.М. Буянова Департамента здравоохранения Москвы»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияMoscow City Clinical Hospital n.a. V.M. Buyanov, Moscow Healthcare Department; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202019042020817591Copyright © Сероухов А.Ю., Афоко А.А., Мамаев И.Э., 20202020Сероухов А.Ю., Афоко А.А., Мамаев И.Э.Seroukhov A.Y., Afoko A.A., Mamaev I.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/308Введение

Введение. Несмотря на общее увеличение народонаселения, за последние десятилетия отмечается устойчивая мировая тенденция к снижению рождаемости. Исследованиями доказана тенденция к ухудшению качественных и количественных показателей эякулята. Из этого можно предположить также наличие отрицательной динамики в изменении размера мужских половых желез. Тем не менее, информация о тенденциях в изменении размеров яичек в популяции отсутствует.

Цель исследования

Цель исследования. Оценка мирового секулярного тренда в аспекте изменения размеров яичек у мужчин.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Поиск научных работ на английском и русском языках, оценивающих размер яичек, в Pubmed и eLibrary. Дополнительный поиск в цитируемой литературе идентифицированных исследований. Отбор данных из публикаций с метрическими характеристиками наружных половых желез у относительно здоровых мужчин 18‒60 лет. Полученные данные усреднены и гомогенизированы с использованием формул вычисления объема. Статистическая обработка материала производилась с помощью программы STATISTICA for Windows v.10

Результаты

Результаты. По результатам поиска идентифицировано 126 работы, опубликованные в период с 1902 по 2018 годы. Анализ публикаций привёл к селекции 33 из них, в которых содержащаяся информация соответствовала заданным критериям. Анализ полученных данных статистически значимых тенденций в изменении объёма яичка за последнее столетие не выявил. Среднее арифметическое взвешенное значение составило 17,43±5,64; 95% ДИ (17,32; 17,54).

Заключение

Заключение. В свете мировых трендов к снижению фертильности необходимо проведение большего количества различных исследований для понимания природы данного процесса. Стандартизация методов оценки их результатов позволит снизить погрешности и поможет в анализе существующих тенденций.

Introduction

Introduction. Notwithstanding the general increase in world population, there is a steady decline in birth rate. Studies have shown a tendency towards worsening of qualitative and quantitative indices of the ejaculate. From the foregoing we may also presume a decline in size of male gonads. Nevertheless, information about the tendency of change in testicular size in the population is currently unavailable.

Purpose of the study

Purpose of the study. Assessment of global secular trend as regards changes in the size of testes in men.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. A search was conducted on published scientific research in the English language and Russian language in Pubmed and eLibrary. Additional searches in citations of identifiable investigations. A selection of data from publications with metric characteristics of gonads in relatively healthy men aged 18‒60 years. The mean of values obtained were determined and homogenized with the aid of formulae for volume calculations. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the aid of the program STATISTICA for Windows v.10.

Results

Results. The search yielded 126 identified publications, published between 1902 and 2018. Analysis of the various works led to a selection of 33, which contained information that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the obtained data did not reveal any trends in change of testicular size over the past century. Mean arithmetic weighted value was 17,43±5,64; 95% CI (17,32; 17,54).

Conclusion

Conclusion. In the light of global trends towards a reduction in fertility, it is necessary to conduct a wide range of varied investigations in order to understand the nature of this process. Standardization of methods of assessment results obtained will help in reducing errors whilst assisting in the analysis of existing tendencies.

размер яичекобъём яичекорхидометриясекулярные трендыtesticular sizetesticular volumeorchidometrysecular trendsReferencesUnited Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The World Population Situation in 2014 A Concise Report. (ST/ESA/SER.A/354) 2014. Доступно по: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/Concise%20Report%20on%20the%20World%20Population%20Situation%202014/en.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. The World Population Situation in 2014 A Concise Report. (ST/ESA/SER.A/354) 2014. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/trends/Concise%20Report%20on%20the%20World%20Population%20Situation%202014/en.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Fertility Patterns 2015. Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SERA/370) 2015. Доступно по: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/fertility/world-fertility-patterns-2015.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Fertility Patterns 2015. Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SERA/370) 2015. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/fertility/world-fertility-patterns-2015.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019World Bank, World Development Indicators. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 2019. Доступно по: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019World Bank, World Development Indicators. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 2019. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN AccessedNovember 25, 2019Meacham RB, Joyce GF, Wise M, Kparker A, Niederberger C. Male Infertility. Journal of Urology. 2007;177:2058–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.131Meacham RB, Joyce GF, Wise M, Kparker A, Niederberger C. Male Infertility. Journal of Urology. 2007;177:2058–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.131Bracke A, Peeters K, Punjabi U, Hoogewijs D, Dewilde S. A search for molecular mechanisms underlying male idiopathic infertility. Reprod Biomed Online. 2018;36:327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005Bracke A, Peeters K, Punjabi U, Hoogewijs D, Dewilde S. A search for molecular mechanisms underlying male idiopathic infertility. Reprod Biomed Online. 2018;36:327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.12.005Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., Nieschlag S. Andrology. Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8Nieschlag E., Behre H.M., Nieschlag S. Andrology. Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8WHO. Infertility: A tabulation of available data on prevalence of primary and secondary infertility. 1991:73. WHO/ MCH/91.9WHO. Infertility: A tabulation of available data on prevalence of primary and secondary infertility. 1991:73. WHO/ MCH/91.9Juul S, Karmaus W, Olsen J. Regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy: pregnancy-based surveys from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy and Sweden. The European Infertility and Subfecundity Study Group. Human Reproduction. 1999;14(5):1250–1254. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.5.1250Juul S, Karmaus W, Olsen J. Regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy: pregnancy-based surveys from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy and Sweden. The European Infertility and Subfecundity Study Group. Human Reproduction. 1999;14(5):1250–1254. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.5.1250Bruckert E. How frequent is unintentional childlessness in Germany? Andrologia. 1991;23:245–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02550.xBruckert E. How frequent is unintentional childlessness in Germany? Andrologia. 1991;23:245–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02550.xSabanegh EJ, Agarwal A. Male Infertility in Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. 2012.Sabanegh EJ, Agarwal A. Male Infertility in Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. 2012.WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen ‒ 5th ed. 2010. Доступно по: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44261/1/9789241547789_eng.pdf?ua=1 Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen ‒ 5th ed. 2010. Доступно по: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44261/1/9789241547789_eng.pdf?ua=1 Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Bonde JP, Ernst E, Jensen TK, Hjollund NH, Kolstad H, Henriksen TB, Scheike T, Giwercman A, Olsen J, Skakkebaek NE. Relation between semen quality and fertility: A population- based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. Lancet. 1998;352 (9135):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10514-1Bonde JP, Ernst E, Jensen TK, Hjollund NH, Kolstad H, Henriksen TB, Scheike T, Giwercman A, Olsen J, Skakkebaek NE. Relation between semen quality and fertility: A population- based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. Lancet. 1998;352 (9135):1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10514-1Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C, Carson SA, Cisneros P, Steinkampf MP, Hill JA, Xu D, Vogel DL; National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network. Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(19):1388–1393. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa003005Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C, Carson SA, Cisneros P, Steinkampf MP, Hill JA, Xu D, Vogel DL; National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network. Sperm Morphology, Motility, and Concentration in Fertile and Infertile Men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(19):1388–1393. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa003005Slama R. Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: a cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities. Human Reproduction. 2002;17:503–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.2.503Slama R. Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: a cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities. Human Reproduction. 2002;17:503–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.2.503MacLeod J, Heim LM. Characteristics and variations in semen specimens in 100 normal young men. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 1946;1:447–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-194606000-00113MacLeod J, Heim LM. Characteristics and variations in semen specimens in 100 normal young men. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 1946;1:447–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-194606000-00113Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. British Medical Journal. 1992;305:609–613. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6854.609Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. British Medical Journal. 1992;305:609–613. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6854.609Swan SH, Elkin EF, Fenster L. Have sperm densities declined? A reanalysis of global trend data. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997;105(11):1228–1232. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.971051228Swan SH, Elkin EF, Fenster L. Have sperm densities declined? A reanalysis of global trend data. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997;105(11):1228–1232. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.971051228Swan SH, Elkin EP, Fenster L. The question of declining sperm density revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934‒1996. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000;108:961–966. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108961Swan SH, Elkin EP, Fenster L. The question of declining sperm density revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934‒1996. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000;108:961–966. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108961Jorgensen N, Asklund C, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00635.xJorgensen N, Asklund C, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00635.xIwamoto T, Nozawa S, Mieno MN, Yamakawa K, Baba K, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J, Okuyama A, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Kanetake H, Eguchi J, Skakkebaek NE, Vierula M, Toppari J, Jørgensen N. Semen quality of 1559 young men from four cities in Japan: a cross-sectional popu lation-based study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(4):e002222. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002222Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Mieno MN, Yamakawa K, Baba K, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J, Okuyama A, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Kanetake H, Eguchi J, Skakkebaek NE, Vierula M, Toppari J, Jørgensen N. Semen quality of 1559 young men from four cities in Japan: a cross-sectional popu lation-based study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(4):e002222. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002222Hart RJ, Doherty DA, McLachlan RI, Walls ML, Keelan JA, Dickinson JE, Skakkebaek NE, Norman RJ, Handelsman DJ. Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men. Human Reproduction. 2015;30(12):2713–2724. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev244Hart RJ, Doherty DA, McLachlan RI, Walls ML, Keelan JA, Dickinson JE, Skakkebaek NE, Norman RJ, Handelsman DJ. Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men. Human Reproduction. 2015;30(12):2713–2724. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev244Fernandez MF, Duran I, Olea N, Avivar C, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in men from Southern Spain. Int J Androl. 2012;35(1):1‒10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01131.xFernandez MF, Duran I, Olea N, Avivar C, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in men from Southern Spain. Int J Androl. 2012;35(1):1‒10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01131.xMínguez-Alarcón L, Sergeyev O, Burns JS, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Smigulina L, Revich B, Hauser R. A Longitudinal Study of Peripubertal Serum Organochlorine Concentrations and Semen Parameters in Young Men: The Russian Children’s Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(3):460‒466. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP25Mínguez-Alarcón L, Sergeyev O, Burns JS, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Smigulina L, Revich B, Hauser R. A Longitudinal Study of Peripubertal Serum Organochlorine Concentrations and Semen Parameters in Young Men: The Russian Children’s Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(3):460‒466. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP25Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Sakatoku J, Cockett ATK. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology: II. Correlation of testicular size with testicular function. Journal of Urology. 1987;137:416–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)44053-5Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Sakatoku J, Cockett ATK. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology: II. Correlation of testicular size with testicular function. Journal of Urology. 1987;137:416–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)44053-5Bahk JY, Jung JH, Jin LM, Min SK. Cut-off Value of Testes Volume in Young Adults and Correlation Among Testes Volume, Body Mass Index, Hormonal Level, and Seminal Profiles. Urology. 2010;75:1318–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.007Bahk JY, Jung JH, Jin LM, Min SK. Cut-off Value of Testes Volume in Young Adults and Correlation Among Testes Volume, Body Mass Index, Hormonal Level, and Seminal Profiles. Urology. 2010;75:1318–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.007Ruiz-Olvera SF, Rajmil O, Sanchez-Curbelo J-R, Vinay J, Rodriguez- Espinosa J, Ruiz-Castañé E. Association of serum testosterone levels and testicular volume in adult patients. Andrologia. 2018;50:e12933. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12933Ruiz-Olvera SF, Rajmil O, Sanchez-Curbelo J-R, Vinay J, Rodriguez- Espinosa J, Ruiz-Castañé E. Association of serum testosterone levels and testicular volume in adult patients. Andrologia. 2018;50:e12933. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12933Petersen C, Söder O. The Sertoli cell ‒ A hormonal target and “super” nurse for germ cells that determines testicular size. Hormone Research. 2006;66:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094142Petersen C, Söder O. The Sertoli cell ‒ A hormonal target and “super” nurse for germ cells that determines testicular size. Hormone Research. 2006;66:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094142Sakamoto H, Yajima T, Nagata M, Okumura T, Suzuki K, Ogawa Y. Relationship between testicular size by ultrasonography and testicular function: Measurement of testicular length, width, and depth in patients with infertility. International Journal of Urology. 2008;15:529–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02071.xSakamoto H, Yajima T, Nagata M, Okumura T, Suzuki K, Ogawa Y. Relationship between testicular size by ultrasonography and testicular function: Measurement of testicular length, width, and depth in patients with infertility. International Journal of Urology. 2008;15:529–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02071.xSteeno OP. Clinical and Physical Evaluation of the Infertile Male: Testicular Measurement or Orchidometry/Klinische und physikalische Bewertung des infertilen Mannes: Hodenmessung oder Orchidometrie. Andrologia. 1989;21:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02376.xSteeno OP. Clinical and Physical Evaluation of the Infertile Male: Testicular Measurement or Orchidometry/Klinische und physikalische Bewertung des infertilen Mannes: Hodenmessung oder Orchidometrie. Andrologia. 1989;21:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02376.xSchirren C. Exakte Messung der Hodengröße. Andrologia. 1972;4:261–262. (на немецком). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1972.tb01555.xSchirren C. Exakte Messung der Hodengröße. Andrologia. 1972;4:261–262. (In Germ.).Schonfeld WA, Beebe GW. Normal Growth and Variation in the Male Genitalia from Birth to Maturity. Journal of Urology. 1942;48:759–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)70767-7Schonfeld WA, Beebe GW. Normal Growth and Variation in the Male Genitalia from Birth to Maturity. Journal of Urology. 1942;48:759–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)70767-7Lambert B. The frequency of mumps and of mumps orchitis: Consequences for sexuality and fertility. Human Heredity. 1951;2:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000150685Lambert B. The frequency of mumps and of mumps orchitis: Consequences for sexuality and fertility. Human Heredity. 1951;2:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000150685Hansen PF, With TK. Clinical Measurements of the Testes in Boys and Men. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1952;142:457–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1952.tb13395.xHansen PF, With TK. Clinical Measurements of the Testes in Boys and Men. Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1952;142:457–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1952.tb13395.xChang KS, Hsu FK, Chan ST, Chan YB. Scrotal asymmetry and handedness. Journal of Anatomy. 1960;94:543–548. Доступно по: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1244352/pdf/janat00442-0104.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Chang KS, Hsu FK, Chan ST, Chan YB. Scrotal asymmetry and handedness. Journal of Anatomy. 1960;94:543–548. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1244352/pdf/janat00442-0104.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019Rundle AT, Sylvester PE. Measurement of testicular volume: Its application to assessment of maturation, and its use in dilation agnosis of hypogonadism. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1962;37:514–517. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.37.195.514Rundle AT, Sylvester PE. Measurement of testicular volume: Its application to assessment of maturation, and its use in dilation agnosis of hypogonadism. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1962;37:514–517. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.37.195.514Farkas LG. Basic morphological data of external genitals in 177 healthy central European men. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1971;34:325–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330340303Farkas LG. Basic morphological data of external genitals in 177 healthy central European men. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1971;34:325–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330340303Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB. Influence of age on sperm production and testicular weights in men. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1984;70:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0700211Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB. Influence of age on sperm production and testicular weights in men. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1984;70:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0700211Wang C, Chan SY, Leung A, Ng RP, Ng M, Tang LC, Ma HK, Tsoi WL, Kwan M. Cross‐sectional study of semen parameters in a large group of normal Chinese men. International Journal of Andrology. 1985;8(4):257–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1985.tb00840.xWang C, Chan SY, Leung A, Ng RP, Ng M, Tang LC, Ma HK, Tsoi WL, Kwan M. Cross‐sectional study of semen parameters in a large group of normal Chinese men. International Journal of Andrology. 1985;8(4):257–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1985.tb00840.xHandelsman DJ, Staraj S. Testicular Size: The Effects of Aging, Malnutrition, and Illness. Journal of Andrology. 1985;6:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00830.xHandelsman DJ, Staraj S. Testicular Size: The Effects of Aging, Malnutrition, and Illness. Journal of Andrology. 1985;6:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00830.xAjmani ML, Jain SP, Saxena S. K. Anthropometric study of male external genitalia of 320 healthy Nigerian adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 1985;43:179–186. Доступно по: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29539617 Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Ajmani ML, Jain SP, Saxena S. K. Anthropometric study of male external genitalia of 320 healthy Nigerian adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 1985;43:179–186. Доступно по: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29539617 Accessed November 25.11.2019Centola GM, Lee K, Cockett ATK. Relationship between testicular volume and presence of varicocele. A comparative study. Urology. 1987;30:479–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(87)90386-4Centola GM, Lee K, Cockett ATK. Relationship between testicular volume and presence of varicocele. A comparative study. Urology. 1987;30:479–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(87)90386-4Giwercman A, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes from 399 men who died suddenly and unexpectedly. Journal of Urology. 1991;145:77–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38252-6Giwercman A, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes from 399 men who died suddenly and unexpectedly. Journal of Urology. 1991;145:77–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38252-6Jit I, Sanjeev. Weight of the testes in Northwest Indian adults. American Journal of Human Biology. 1991;3:671–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310030618Jit I, Sanjeev. Weight of the testes in Northwest Indian adults. American Journal of Human Biology. 1991;3:671–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310030618Lenz S, Giwercman A, Elsborg A, Cohr KH, Jelnes JE, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Ultrasonic testicular texture and size in 444 men from the general population: Correlation to semen quality. European Urology. 1993;24(2):231–238. https://doi.org/10.1159/000474300Lenz S, Giwercman A, Elsborg A, Cohr KH, Jelnes JE, Carlsen E, Skakkebaek NE. Ultrasonic testicular texture and size in 444 men from the general population: Correlation to semen quality. European Urology. 1993;24(2):231–238. https://doi.org/10.1159/000474300Spyropoulos E, Borousas D, Mavrikos S, Dellis A, Bourounis M, Athanasiadis S. Size of external genital organs and somatometric parameters among physically normal men younger than 40 years old. Urology. 2002;60:485–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01869-1Spyropoulos E, Borousas D, Mavrikos S, Dellis A, Bourounis M, Athanasiadis S. Size of external genital organs and somatometric parameters among physically normal men younger than 40 years old. Urology. 2002;60:485–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01869-1Tomova A, Deepinder F, Robeva R, Lalabonova H, Kumanov P, Agarwal A. Growth and Development of Male External Genitalia. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2010;164:1152–1157. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.223Tomova A, Deepinder F, Robeva R, Lalabonova H, Kumanov P, Agarwal A. Growth and Development of Male External Genitalia. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2010;164:1152–1157. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.223Aslan Y, Atan A, Ömur Aydn A, Nalçacoǧlu V, Tuncel A, Kadoǧlu A. Penile length and somatometric parameters: A study in healthy young Turkish men. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011;13:339–341. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.109Aslan Y, Atan A, Ömur Aydn A, Nalçacoǧlu V, Tuncel A, Kadoǧlu A. Penile length and somatometric parameters: A study in healthy young Turkish men. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011;13:339–341. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.109Pilatz A, Rusz A, Wagenlehner F, Weidner W, Altinkilic B. Reference values for testicular volume, epididymal head size and peak systolic velocity of the testicular artery in adult males measured by ultrasonography. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2013;34:349–354. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1313077Pilatz A, Rusz A, Wagenlehner F, Weidner W, Altinkilic B. Reference values for testicular volume, epididymal head size and peak systolic velocity of the testicular artery in adult males measured by ultrasonography. Ultraschall in Der Medizin. 2013;34:349–354. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1313077Foresta C, Garolla A, Frigo AC, Carraro U, Isidori AM, Lenzi A, Ferlin A. Anthropometric, penile and testis measures in post-pubertal Italian males. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2013;36(5):287–292. https://doi.org/10.3275/8514Foresta C, Garolla A, Frigo AC, Carraro U, Isidori AM, Lenzi A, Ferlin A. Anthropometric, penile and testis measures in post-pubertal Italian males. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2013;36(5):287–292. https://doi.org/10.3275/8514Condorelli R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Relationship between testicular volume and conventional or nonconventional sperm parameters. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013;2013:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/145792Condorelli R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S. Relationship between testicular volume and conventional or nonconventional sperm parameters. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013;2013:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/145792Shalaby ME, Almohsen AE-RM, El Shahid AR, Abd Al-Sameaa MT, Mostafa T. Penile length-somatometric parameters relationship in healthy Egyptian men. Andrologia. 2015;47:402–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12275Shalaby ME, Almohsen AE-RM, El Shahid AR, Abd Al-Sameaa MT, Mostafa T. Penile length-somatometric parameters relationship in healthy Egyptian men. Andrologia. 2015;47:402–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12275Тихонов ДА. Анализ общей и билатеральной изменчивости орхидометрических показателей у лиц юношеского возраста. Морфологические Ведомости. 2016;24(1):84–90. Доступно по: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25793715_85103585.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Tikhonov D.A. The analysis of common and bilateral variability of orchidometric parameters in young men. Morphological newsletter. 2016;24(1):84‒90. (In Russ.). Available at: https://elibrary.ru/download/elirary_25793715_85103585.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019Tillinger K-G. Testicular Morphology. Acta Endocrinologica. 1957;24:S15–192. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.024S015Tillinger K-G. Testicular Morphology. Acta Endocrinologica. 1957;24:S15–192. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.024S015Prader A. Testicular size: assessment and clinical importance. Triangle; the Sandoz Journal of Medical Science. 1966;7(6):240–243. PMID:5920758Prader A. Testicular size: assessment and clinical importance. Triangle; the Sandoz Journal of Medical Science. 1966;7(6):240–243. PMID:5920758Dörnberger V, Dörnberger G. Vergleichende Volumetrie des menschlichen Hodens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hodensonographie, Praderorchidometer, Schirrenzirkel und Schublehre*). Andrologia. 2009;19:487–496. (на не- мецком). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1987.tb01887.xDörnberger V, Dörnberger G. Vergleichende Volumetrie des menschlichen Hodens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hodensonographie, Praderorchidometer, Schirrenzirkel und Schublehre*). Andrologia. 2009;19:487–496. (In Germ.).Rivkees SA, Hall DA, Boepple PA, Crawford JD. Accuracy and reproducibility of clinical measures of testicular volume. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1987;110:914–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80412-2Rivkees SA, Hall DA, Boepple PA, Crawford JD. Accuracy and reproducibility of clinical measures of testicular volume. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1987;110:914–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80412-2Behre HM, Nashan D, Nieschlag E. Objective measurement of testicular volume by ultrasonography: evaluation of the technique and comparison with orchidometer estimates. International Journal of Andrology. 1989;12:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01328.xBehre HM, Nashan D, Nieschlag E. Objective measurement of testicular volume by ultrasonography: evaluation of the technique and comparison with orchidometer estimates. International Journal of Andrology. 1989;12:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01328.xFuse H, Takahara M, Ishii H, Sumiya H, Shimazaki J. Measurement of testicular volume by ultrasonography. International Journal of Andrology. 1990;13:267–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1990.tb01031.xFuse H, Takahara M, Ishii H, Sumiya H, Shimazaki J. Measurement of testicular volume by ultrasonography. International Journal of Andrology. 1990;13:267–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1990.tb01031.xSakamoto H, Saito K, Oohta M, Inoue K, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Testicular Volume Measurement: Comparison of Ultrasonography, Orchidometry, and Water Displacement. Urology. 2007;69:152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.012Sakamoto H, Saito K, Oohta M, Inoue K, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Testicular Volume Measurement: Comparison of Ultrasonography, Orchidometry, and Water Displacement. Urology. 2007;69:152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.012Rastrelli G, Corona G, Lotti F, Boddi V, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Relationship of Testis Size and LH Levels with Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Older Men with Sexual Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2013;10:2761–2773. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12270Rastrelli G, Corona G, Lotti F, Boddi V, Mannucci E, Maggi M. Relationship of Testis Size and LH Levels with Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Older Men with Sexual Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2013;10:2761–2773. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12270Sotos JF, Tokar NJ. Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology. 2017;2017:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-017-0050-1Sotos JF, Tokar NJ. Appraisal of testicular volumes: volumes matching ultrasound values referenced to stages of genital development. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology. 2017;2017:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-017-0050-1Oehme NHB, Roelants M, Bruserud IS, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Júlíusson PB. Ultrasound-based measurements of testicular volume in 6- to 16-year-old boys ‒ intraand interobserver agreement and comparison with Prader orchidometry. Pediatric Radiology. 2018;48(12):1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4195-8Oehme NHB, Roelants M, Bruserud IS, Eide GE, Bjerknes R, Rosendahl K, Júlíusson PB. Ultrasound-based measurements of testicular volume in 6- to 16-year-old boys ‒ intraand interobserver agreement and comparison with Prader orchidometry. Pediatric Radiology. 2018;48(12):1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4195-8Barr ML, Shaver EL, Carr DH, Plunkett ER. the Chromatin‐ Positive Klinefelter Syndrome Among Patients in Mental Deficiency Hospitals. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 1960;4:89–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1960.tb00757.xBarr ML, Shaver EL, Carr DH, Plunkett ER. the Chromatin‐ Positive Klinefelter Syndrome Among Patients in Mental Deficiency Hospitals. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 1960;4:89–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1960.tb00757.xChaurasia BD, Singh TB. Anthropological data of male external genitals in Central Indian healthy adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 1974;34:210–215. Доступно по: http://www.Chaurasia BD, Singh TB. Anthropological data of male external genitals in Central Indian healthy adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 1974;34:210–215. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29538686 Accessed November 25, 2019jstor.org/stable/29538686 Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Waaler PE, Thorsen T, Stea KF, Aarskog D. Studies in Normal Male Puberty. Acta Paediatrica. 1974;63:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1974.tb07587.xWaaler PE, Thorsen T, Stea KF, Aarskog D. Studies in Normal Male Puberty. Acta Paediatrica. 1974;63:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1974.tb07587.xDaniel WA, Feinstein RA, Howhrd-peebles P, Ph D, Baxley WD. Clinical and laboratory observations Testicular volumes of adolescents. 1982:0–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80034-6Daniel WA, Feinstein RA, Howhrd-peebles P, Ph D, Baxley WD. Clinical and laboratory observations Testicular volumes of adolescents. 1982:0–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80034-6Skorodok L.M., Savchenko O.N. Disorders of sexual development in boys. [Narushenija polovogo razvitija u mal’chikov]. Moskva: Medicina; 1984. (In Russ.).Скородок Л.М., Савченко О.Н. Нарушения полового раз- вития у мальчиков. Москва: Медицина; 1984.Taskinen S, Taavitsainen M, Wikström S. Measurement of testicular volume: Comparison of 3 different methods. Journal of Urology. 1996;155:930–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66349-3Taskinen S, Taavitsainen M, Wikström S. Measurement of testicular volume: Comparison of 3 different methods. Journal of Urology. 1996;155:930–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66349-3Chipkevitch E, Nishimura RT, Tu DGS, Galea-Rojas M. Clinical measurement of testicular volume in adolescents: Comparison of the reliability of 5 methods. Journal of Urology. 1996;156:2050–2053. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65433-8Chipkevitch E, Nishimura RT, Tu DGS, Galea-Rojas M. Clinical measurement of testicular volume in adolescents: Comparison of the reliability of 5 methods. Journal of Urology. 1996;156:2050–2053. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65433-8Burgart V.Yu., Medvedeva N.N., Zaliznyak I.A. Morphofunctional changing of testicles of Krasnoyars city youths who belong to the different somatotypes. Siberian Medical Review. 2006;39(2):50–52. (In Russ.). Available at: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_15612332_96913888.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019Бургарт В.Ю., Медведева Н.Н., Зализняк И.А. Многофункциональная изменчивость яичек юношей разных соматотипов. Сибирское Медицинское Обозрение. 2006;39(2):50–52. Доступно по: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_15612332_96913888.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Takihara H, Sakatoku J, Fujii M, Nasu T, Cosentino MJ, Cockett AT. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology. I. A new orchiometer and its clinical application. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;39:836–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47126-8Takihara H, Sakatoku J, Fujii M, Nasu T, Cosentino MJ, Cockett AT. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology. I. A new orchiometer and its clinical application. Fertility and Sterility. 1983;39:836–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)47126-8Freeman S, Bertolotto M, Richenberg J, Belfield J, Dogra V, Huang DY, Lotti F, Markiet K, Nikolic O, Ramanathan S, Ramchandani P, Rocher L, Secil M, Sidhu PS, Skrobisz K, Studniarek M, Tsili A, Tuncay Turgut A, Pavlica P, Derchi LE; members of the ESUR-SPIWG WG. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: guidelines and recommendations of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) for detection, classification, and grading. European Radiology. 2020;30(1):11‒25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06280-yFreeman S, Bertolotto M, Richenberg J, Belfield J, Dogra V, Huang DY, Lotti F, Markiet K, Nikolic O, Ramanathan S, Ramchandani P, Rocher L, Secil M, Sidhu PS, Skrobisz K, Studniarek M, Tsili A, Tuncay Turgut A, Pavlica P, Derchi LE; members of the ESUR-SPIWG WG. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: guidelines and recommendations of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) for detection, classification, and grading. European Radiology. 2020;30(1):11‒25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06280-yDooren LJ, Van Gelderen HH, Hamming HD. Testisgrootte en pubesbeharing bij jongens van 10±15 jaar. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1963;107:1519–1522.PMID: 14045673 (На ни- дерландском).Dooren LJ, Van Gelderen HH, Hamming HD. Testisgrootte en pubesbeharing bij jongens van 10±15 jaar. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1963;107:1519–1522.PMID: 14045673 (На ни- дерландском).Burr IM, Sizonenko PC, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Hormonal changes in puberty I. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty, testicular size, and bone age in normal boys. Pediatric Research. 1970;4(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197001000-00003Burr IM, Sizonenko PC, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Hormonal changes in puberty I. Correlation of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with stages of puberty, testicular size, and bone age in normal boys. Pediatric Research. 1970;4(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197001000-00003Winter JSD, Faiman C. Pituitary-Gonadal Relations in Male Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Res. 1972;6(2):126‒135. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197202000-00006Winter JSD, Faiman C. Pituitary-Gonadal Relations in Male Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Res. 1972;6(2):126‒135. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197202000-00006August GP, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL. Hormonal changes in puberty: III. correlation of plasma testosterone, LH, FSH, testicular size, and bone age with male pubertal development. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1972;34:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-34-2-319August GP, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL. Hormonal changes in puberty: III. correlation of plasma testosterone, LH, FSH, testicular size, and bone age with male pubertal development. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1972;34:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-34-2-319Nielsen CT, Skakkebaek NE, Richardson DW, Darling JA, Hunter WM, Jørgensen M, Nielsen A, Ingerslev O, Keiding N, Müller J. Onset of the release of spermatozia (supermarche) in boys in relation to age, testicular growth, pubic hair, and height. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986;62(3):532–535. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-62-3-532Nielsen CT, Skakkebaek NE, Richardson DW, Darling JA, Hunter WM, Jørgensen M, Nielsen A, Ingerslev O, Keiding N, Müller J. Onset of the release of spermatozia (supermarche) in boys in relation to age, testicular growth, pubic hair, and height. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986;62(3):532–535. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-62-3-532Zhukovskij MA, Lebedev NB, Semicheva TV. Disorders of sexual development. [Narushenie polovogo razvitija]. Moskva: Medicina, 1989. (In Russ.).Жуковский МА, Лебедев НБ, Семичева ТВ. Нарушение полового развития. Москва: Медицина, 1989.Béres J, Papp G, Pazonyi I, Czeizel E. Testicular volume variations from 0 to 28 years of age. International Urology and Nephrology. 1989;21:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02550804Béres J, Papp G, Pazonyi I, Czeizel E. Testicular volume variations from 0 to 28 years of age. International Urology and Nephrology. 1989;21:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02550804Diamond DA, Paltiel HJ, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Bauer SB, Atala A, Ephraim PL, Grant R, Retik AB. Comparative assessment of pediatric testicular volume: Orchidometer versus ultrasound. Journal of Urology. 2000; 164(3 Pt 2):1111–1114. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200009020-00048Diamond DA, Paltiel HJ, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Bauer SB, Atala A, Ephraim PL, Grant R, Retik AB. Comparative assessment of pediatric testicular volume: Orchidometer versus ultrasound. Journal of Urology. 2000; 164(3 Pt 2):1111–1114. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200009020-00048Cayan S, Akbay E, Bozlu M, Doruk E, Yildiz A, Acar D, Kanik EA, Ulusoy E. Diagnosis of Pediatric Varicoceles by Physical Examination and Ultrasonography and Measurement of the Testicular Volume. Urologia Internationalis. 2002;69(4):293–296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000066125Cayan S, Akbay E, Bozlu M, Doruk E, Yildiz A, Acar D, Kanik EA, Ulusoy E. Diagnosis of Pediatric Varicoceles by Physical Examination and Ultrasonography and Measurement of the Testicular Volume. Urologia Internationalis. 2002;69(4):293–296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000066125Karaman MI, Kaya C, Caskurlu T, Guney S, Ergenekon E. Measurement of pediatric testicular volume with Prader orchidometer: Comparison of different hands. Pediatric Surgery International. 2005;21:517–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-005-1470-1Karaman MI, Kaya C, Caskurlu T, Guney S, Ergenekon E. Measurement of pediatric testicular volume with Prader orchidometer: Comparison of different hands. Pediatric Surgery International. 2005;21:517–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-005-1470-1 83. Juul A, Teilmann G, Scheike T, Hertel NT, Holm K, Laursen EM, Main KM, Skakkebæk NE. Pubertal development in Danish children: Comparison of recent European and US data. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:247–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00556.xJuul A, Teilmann G, Scheike T, Hertel NT, Holm K, Laursen EM, Main KM, Skakkebæk NE. Pubertal development in Danish children: Comparison of recent European and US data. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:247–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00556.xKuijper EA, van Kooten J, Verbeke JI, van Rooijen M, Lambalk CB. Ultrasonographically measured testicular volumes in 0- to 6-year-old boys. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2008;23:792–796. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den021Kuijper EA, van Kooten J, Verbeke JI, van Rooijen M, Lambalk CB. Ultrasonographically measured testicular volumes in 0- to 6-year-old boys. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2008;23:792–796. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den021Goede J, Hack WW, Sijstermans K, van der Voort-Doedens LM, Van der Ploeg T, Meij-de Vries A, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Normative values for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population from infancy to adolescence. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2011;76(1):56–64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000326057Goede J, Hack WW, Sijstermans K, van der Voort-Doedens LM, Van der Ploeg T, Meij-de Vries A, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Normative values for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population from infancy to adolescence. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2011;76(1):56–64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000326057Osemlak P. Size of testes and epididymes in boys up to 17 years of life assessed by ultrasound method and method of external linear measurements. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. 2011;15:39–55. PMID: 21786511. (на польском).Osemlak P. Size of testes and epididymes in boys up to 17 years of life assessed by ultrasound method and method of external linear measurements. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. 2011;15:39–55. PMID: 21786511. (in Polish.).Kunde M, Kunze C, Surov A, Ruschke K, Spielmann RP. Sonographische Bestimmung der Hodenmaße im Alter von 0 bis 18 Jahren. Urologe. 2015;54:1772–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3810-7Kunde M, Kunze C, Surov A, Ruschke K, Spielmann RP. Sonographische Bestimmung der Hodenmaße im Alter von 0 bis 18 Jahren. Urologe. 2015;54:1772–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3810-7Lawal S, Idris HW, Ibinaiye P, Hamidu AU, Tabari MA, Usman B, Lawal AT. Normative ultrasonographic values for testicular volumes in Nigerian boys aged 0‒15 years. Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine .2016;3(2):71. https://doi.org/10.4103/2384-5147.184353Lawal S, Idris HW, Ibinaiye P, Hamidu AU, Tabari MA, Usman B, Lawal AT. Normative ultrasonographic values for testicular volumes in Nigerian boys aged 0‒15 years. Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine .2016;3(2):71. https://doi.org/10.4103/2384-5147.184353Wang Y-N, Zeng Q, Xiong F, Zeng Y. Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2018;20:567. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_51_18Wang Y-N, Zeng Q, Xiong F, Zeng Y. Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2018;20:567. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_51_18Vaganée D, Daems F, Aerts W, Dewaide R, van den Keybus T, De Baets K, De Wachter S., De Win G. Testicular asymmetry in healthy adolescent boys. BJU International. 2018;122:654–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14174Vaganée D, Daems F, Aerts W, Dewaide R, van den Keybus T, De Baets K, De Wachter S., De Win G. Testicular asymmetry in healthy adolescent boys. BJU International. 2018;122:654–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14174Глазкова А.Э., Данилова Л.И., Дудик Н.М., Романовский А.А. Особенности полового развития и становления пубертата у белорусских мальчиков. Рецепт. 2008;60:55–63. Доступно по: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_19687690_12518288.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Glazkova A.Je., Danilova L.I., Dudik N.M., Romanovskij A.A. Perculiarities of sexual development and attainment of puberty among Belorussian boys. [Osobennosti polovogo razvitija i stanovlenija pubertata u belorusskih mal’chikov]. Recipe. 2008;60:55–63. (In Russ.). Available at: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_19687690_12518288.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019Stearns EL, MacDonnell JA, Kaufman BJ, Padua R, Lucman TS, Winter JSD, Faiman C. Declining testicular function with age. The American Journal of Medicine. 1974;57:761–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(74)90850-xStearns EL, MacDonnell JA, Kaufman BJ, Padua R, Lucman TS, Winter JSD, Faiman C. Declining testicular function with age. The American Journal of Medicine. 1974;57:761–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(74)90850-xBaker HWG, Burger HG, de Kretser DM, Hudson B, O’Connor S, Wang C, Mirovics A., Court J., Dunlop M., Rennie G.C. Changes in the Pituitary‐Testicular System With Age. Clinical Endocrinology. 1976;5(4):349–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01964.xBaker HWG, Burger HG, de Kretser DM, Hudson B, O’Connor S, Wang C, Mirovics A., Court J., Dunlop M., Rennie G.C. Changes in the Pituitary‐Testicular System With Age. Clinical Endocrinology. 1976;5(4):349–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01964.xHandelsman DJ, Staraj S. Testicular Size: The Effects of Aging, Malnutrition, and Illness. Journal of Andrology. 1985;6:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00830.xHandelsman DJ, Staraj S. Testicular Size: The Effects of Aging, Malnutrition, and Illness. Journal of Andrology. 1985;6:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00830.xАлексеев Ю.Д., Савенкова Е.Н., Ефимов А.А., Райкова К.А. Сравнительный анализ органометрических показателей мужских половых желез человека в различные возрастные периоды. Бюллетень Медицинских Интернет-конференций. 2015;5:993–996. Доступно по: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23714602_75725381.pdf Ссылка активна на 25.11.2019Alekseev Y.D., Savenkova E.N., Efimov A.A., Raykova K.A. Comparative analysis of indicators organometrical male gonads person at different ages. Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences. 2015;5:993–996.(In Russ.). Available at: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23714602_75725381.pdf Accessed November 25, 2019Aribarg A, Kenkeerati W, Vorapaiboonsak V, Leepipatpaiboon S, Farley TMM. Testicular volume, semen profile and serum hormone levels in fertile Thai males. International Journal of Andrology. 1986;9:170–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1986.tb00880.xAribarg A, Kenkeerati W, Vorapaiboonsak V, Leepipatpaiboon S, Farley TMM. Testicular volume, semen profile and serum hormone levels in fertile Thai males. International Journal of Andrology. 1986;9:170–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1986.tb00880.xSobowale OB, Akiwumi O. Testicular volume and seminal fluid profile in fertile and infertile males in Ilorin, Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1989;28:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(89)90476-1Sobowale OB, Akiwumi O. Testicular volume and seminal fluid profile in fertile and infertile males in Ilorin, Nigeria. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1989;28:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(89)90476-1Schiff JD, Li PS, Goldstein M. A study from New York was aimed Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis. BJU Int. 2004;93(7):1015‒1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04772.xSchiff JD, Li PS, Goldstein M. A study from New York was aimed Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis. BJU Int. 2004;93(7):1015‒1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04772.xCocuzza M, Athayde KS, Agarwal A, Pagani R, Sikka SC, Lucon AM, Srougi M, Hallak J. Impact of clinical varicocele and testis size on seminal reactive oxygen species levels in a fertile population: a prospective controlled study. Fertility and Sterility. 2008;90(4):1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1377Cocuzza M, Athayde KS, Agarwal A, Pagani R, Sikka SC, Lucon AM, Srougi M, Hallak J. Impact of clinical varicocele and testis size on seminal reactive oxygen species levels in a fertile population: a prospective controlled study. Fertility and Sterility. 2008;90(4):1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1377Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J, Okuyama A, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Komatsu K, Tsukamoto T, Itoh N, Mieno MN, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality of fertile Japanese men: A cross-sectional population-based study of 792 men. BMJ Open. 2013;3(1). pii: e002223. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002223Iwamoto T, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Namiki M, Koh E, Kanaya J, Okuyama A, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, Komatsu K, Tsukamoto T, Itoh N, Mieno MN, Vierula M, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE, Jørgensen N. Semen quality of fertile Japanese men: A cross-sectional population-based study of 792 men. BMJ Open. 2013;3(1). pii: e002223. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002223World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics**Supported by the Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(6):1289–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55089-4World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics ** Supported by the Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva. Fertility and Sterility. 1992;57(6):1289–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55089-4Costabile RA, Skoog S, Radowich M. Testicular volume assessment in the adolescent with a varicocele. Journal of Urology. 1992;147:1348–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37561-4Costabile RA, Skoog S, Radowich M. Testicular volume assessment in the adolescent with a varicocele. Journal of Urology. 1992;147:1348–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37561-4Sadov S, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Perheentupa A, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM, Toppari J. Testicular growth during puberty in boys with and without a history of congenital cryptorchidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;101(6):2570–2577. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3329Sadov S, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Perheentupa A, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM, Toppari J. Testicular growth during puberty in boys with and without a history of congenital cryptorchidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;101(6):2570–2577. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3329Short R V. Testis Size, Ovulation Rate, and Breast Cancer. One Medicine, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1984: 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61749-2_4Short R V. Testis Size, Ovulation Rate, and Breast Cancer. One Medicine, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1984: 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61749-2_4Kabay S, Yucel M, Ozden H, Yaylak F, Ozbek O, Gumusalan Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is a Complementary Method to Stereological Measurement of Testicular Volume. Urology. 2009;73:1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.058Kabay S, Yucel M, Ozden H, Yaylak F, Ozbek O, Gumusalan Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is a Complementary Method to Stereological Measurement of Testicular Volume. Urology. 2009;73:1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.058Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y, Hsu YC. The reliability of ultrasonographic measurements for testicular volume assessment: Comparison of three common formulas with true testicular volume. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2009;11:261–265. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.48Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y, Hsu YC. The reliability of ultrasonographic measurements for testicular volume assessment: Comparison of three common formulas with true testicular volume. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2009;11:261–265. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.48

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.