<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urovest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник урологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urology Herald</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2308-6424</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rostov State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21886/2308-6424-2018-6-3-50-56</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urovest-219</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Антибиотикорезистентность возбудителей неосложненных инфекций мочевых путей в Российской Федерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiotic resistance of pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-9580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рафальский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rafalsky</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рафальский Владимир Витальевич –  доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий курсом клинической фармакологии, директор Центра клинических исследований.</p><p>Калининград, тел.: +7 (910) 787-18-11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Rafalsky – M.D., Ph.D. (M), Full Professor; Head of the Course of Clinical Pharmacology, Director of the Center for Clinical Research.</p><p>Kaliningrad, tel.: +7 (910) 787-18-11</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.rafalskiy@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Балтийский федеральный университет им. Иммануила Канта» Минобрнауки РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рафальский В.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рафальский В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rafalsky V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/219">https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/219</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Выбор антибиотика при неосложнённых формах инфекций мочевых путей (ИМП) проводится в основном эмпирически и должен исходить из локальных данных по чувствительности уропатогенов к антибактериальным препаратам. Считается, что если уровень резистентности к какому-либо антибиотику в регионе составляет более 10-20%, то это является предпосылкой ограничения его использования в качестве эмпирической терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования.  Изучить структуру возбудителей неосложнённых ИМП и динамику их чувствительности к наиболее часто используемым антибактериальным препаратам.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Настоящая публикация представляет обобщённые данные российских многоцентровых эпидемиологических исследований по изучению этиологии неосложнённых форм ИМП и резистентности возбудителей к антибиотикам. В исследование включали амбулаторных пациентов женского пола, соответствующих следующим критериям включения: 1) небеременные женщины старше 18 лет; 2) наличие клинической картины инфекции нижних мочевыводящих путей (острый или обострение хронического цистита); 3) выделение возбудителя в титре &gt;103 КОЕ/мл при положительном тесте на присутствие лейкоцитов в моче и &gt;105 КОЕ/мл при любом результате теста на присутствие лейкоцитов в моче.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наиболее частым возбудителем неосложнённых ИМП является E. coli, которая выделяется у 72,4%-90,6% пациенток. Высокой микробиологической активностью в отношении E.coli обладают цефалоспорины III поколения (цефиксим), нитрофурантоин, фосфомицин, частота выделения устойчивых штаммов к ним составляет 0%, 0-1,9% и 0%, соответственно. Стабильно высокая резистентность штаммов E. coli определяется к ампициллину (33,1% - 41,5%) и ко-тримоксазолу (19,3% – 26,2%). Для нефторированных и фторированных хинолонов отмечена тенденция роста доли резистентных штаммов в течение периода проведения исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Высокой активностью против возбудителей неосложнённых ИМП обладают цефалоспорины III поколения (цефиксим), нитрофурантоин, фосфомицин. Ампициллин и ко-тримоксазол, согласно сложившимся в настоящее время критериям, не могут рассматриваться как препараты выбора для терапии неосложнённых ИМП.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The choice of antibiotic for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) is mainly carried out empirically. At the same time, it should correspond to local data on the sensitivity of uropathogens to antibacterial drugs. If the level of uropathogen resistance in the region is more than 10-20% to any antibiotic, its use should be limited to empirical therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose of research</title><p>Purpose of research. Identify the structure of pathogens of uncomplicated UTIs and determine the dynamics of their sensitivity to the most commonly used antibacterial drugs.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This article presents a summary data of Russian multicenter epidemiological on the etiology of uncomplicated UTIs and the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. The study are included female outpatients meeting the following criteria: 1) non-pregnant women over 18; 2) the presence of lower UTIs (acute or exacerbation of chronic cystitis); 3) uropathogen isolation &gt; 103 CFU/ml with a positive test results for the presence of leukocytes in the urine and &gt;105 CFU/ml for any test results for the presence of leukocytes in the urine.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The most frequent uropathogen causing uncomplicated UTI is E. coli, which is excreted in 72.4% - 90.6% of patients. Cephalosporins of the third generation (cefixime), Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin have a high microbiological activity against E. coli, the frequency of resistant strains to them is 0%, 0-1.9% and 0%, respectively. The persistently high resistance of E. coli strains is determined to Ampicillin (33.1% - 41.5%) and Co-trimoxazole (19.3% - 26.2%). For non-fluorinated and fluorinated quinolones, there is a tendency to increase the proportion of resistant strains during the study period.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. High generation Cephalosporins (cefixime), Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin have high activity against uropathogens сausing uncomplicated UTI. Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole cannot be considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI according to currently established criteria.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекции мочевых путей</kwd><kwd>уропатогены</kwd><kwd>антибактериальные препараты</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urinary tract infections</kwd><kwd>uropathogens</kwd><kwd>antibacterial drugs</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bader MS, Hawboldt J, Brooks A. Management of complicated urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Postgrad Med. 2010;122(6):7-15 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bader MS, Hawboldt J, Brooks A. Management of complicated urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Postgrad Med. 2010;122(6):7-15 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, Moran GJ, Nicolle LE, Raz R, Schaeffer AJ, Soper DE; Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America and the European society for microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103-e20. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq257</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, Moran GJ, Nicolle LE, Raz R, Schaeffer AJ, Soper DE; Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America and the European society for microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103-e20. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq257</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonkat G, Pickard R, Bartoletti R, T. Cai, F. Bruyère, S.E. Geerlings, B. Köves, F. Wagenlehner, Guidelines Associates: A. Pilatz, B. Pradere, R. Veeratterapillay. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. Edition presented at the EAU Annual Congress Copenhagen 2018. ISBN 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonkat G, Pickard R, Bartole   R, T. Cai, F. Bruyère, S.E. Geerlings, B. Köves, F. Wagenlehner, Guidelines Associates: A. Pilatz, B. Pradere, R. Veera erapillay. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infec ons. Edi on presented at the EAU Annual Congress Copenhagen 2018. ISBN 2018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen YH, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. The role of fluoroquinolones in the management of urinary tract infections in areas with high rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant uropathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(8):1699-1704 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1457-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen YH, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. The role of fluoroquinolones in the management of urinary tract infections in areas with high rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant uropathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(8):1699-1704 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1457-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tratselas A, Iosiﬁ dis E, Ioannidou M, et al. Outcome of urinary tract infec ons caused by extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:707–710</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tratselas A, Iosifidis E, Ioannidou M, et al. Outcome of urinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:707–71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahlmeter G, Ahman J, Matuschek E. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli causing uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections: A European update for 2014 and comparison with 2000 and 2008. Infect Dis Ther. 2015;4(4):417-423. DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0095-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahlmeter G, Ahman J, Matuschek E. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli causing uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections: A European update for 2014 and comparison with 2000 and 2008. Infect Dis Ther. 2015;4(4):417-423. DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0095-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schito GC, Naber KG, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T, Gualco L, Marchese A. The ARESC study: an international survey on the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens involved in uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34(5):407-413. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijanmicag.2009.04.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schito GC, Naber KG, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T, Gualco L, Marchese A. The ARESC study: an international survey on the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens involved in uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34(5):407-413. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Палагин И.С., Сухорукова М.В., Дехнич А.В., Эйдельштейн М.В., Шевелев А.Н., Гринев А.В., Перепанова Т.С., Козлов Р.С., исследовательская группа «ДАРМИС». Современное состояние антибиотикорезистентности возбудителей внебольничных инфекций мочевых путей в России: результаты исследования «ДАРМИС» (2010–2011). Клин микробиол антимикроб химиотер. 2012;14(4):280-303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palagin IS, Sukhorukova MV, Dehnich AV, Eidelshtein MV, Shevelev AN, Grinev AV, Perepanova TS, Kozlov RS, “DARMIS”. Research group. Current State of Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogens Causing Community Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Russia: «DARMIS» Study (2010– 2011). Klin microbiol antimicrobial chemother. 2012;14(4): 280-303. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicolle LE. Update in adult Urinary Tract Infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2011;13(6):552-560. DOI: 10.1007/s11908011-0212-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicolle LE. Update in adult Urinary Tract Infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2011;13(6):552-560. DOI: 10.1007/s11908011-0212-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone L. Which antibiotics for UTI? Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(7):396 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0022-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone L. Which antibiotics for UTI? Nat Rev Urol.  2018;15(7):396 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0022-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agodi A, Auxilia F, Barchi a M, et al. An bio c consump on and resistance: results of the SPIN-UTI project of the GISIOSItI. Epidemiologia e prevenzione. 2015;39(4 Suppl 1):94-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agodi A, Auxilia F, Barchitta M, et al. Antibiotic consumption and resistance: results of the SPIN-UTI project of the GISIOSItI. Epidemiologia e prevenzione. 2015;39(4 Suppl 1):94-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
