<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urovest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник урологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urology Herald</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2308-6424</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rostov State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21886/2308-6424-2025-13-3-30-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urovest-1081</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Критерии дифференциальной диагностики мужского иммунного бесплодия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Male immune infertility: criteria for differential diagnosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2750-0382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божедомов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhedomov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Александрович Божедомов — д-р мед. наук, профессор.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Bozhedomov — Dr.Sc.(Med), Full Prof.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vbojedomov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9581-5500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липатова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipatova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Алексеевна Липатова — канд. мед. наук.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Lipatova — Cand.Sc.(Med).</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">li_na1328@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9616-4717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камарина</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamarina</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Римма Алексеевна Камарина</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rimma A. Kamarina</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rimmafafa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8362-4087</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божедомова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhedomova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Владимировна Божедомова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Korneev — Dr.Sc.(Med), Full Prof.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bojedomova.nastia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-1901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнеев</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneev</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Алексеевич Корнеев — д-р мед. наук, профессор.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Bozhedomova</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iakorneyev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-7545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Армаис Альбертович Камалов — д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Armais A. Kamalov — Dr.Sc.(Med), Full Prof., Acad. of the RAS.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kamalov@mc.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова; Клиника мужского здоровья «Медицинский Код»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University (Lomonosov University); Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology; Men's Clinic “MED-KOD”, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника мужского здоровья «Медицинский Код»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Men's Clinic “MED-KOD”, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Клиника мужского здоровья «Медицинский Код»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University (Lomonosov University); Men's Clinic “MED-KOD”, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова; Международный центр репродуктивной медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; International Center for Reproductive Medicine, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University (Lomonosov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Божедомов В.А., Липатова Н.А., Камарина Р.А., Божедомова А.В., Корнеев И.А., Камалов А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Божедомов В.А., Липатова Н.А., Камарина Р.А., Божедомова А.В., Корнеев И.А., Камалов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bozhedomov V.A., Lipatova N.A., Kamarina R.A., Bozhedomova A.V., Korneev I.A., Kamalov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/1081">https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/1081</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Аутоиммунные реакции против сперматозоидов — одна из причин мужского бесплодия. В присутствии антиспермальных антител (АСАТ) может быть снижена подвижность сперматозоидов, нарушены капацитация и акросомная реакция, повышена фрагментация ДНК сперматозоидов. При этом актуальные нормативные документы ВОЗ не приводят критерии диагноза «иммунное мужское бесплодие» и предлагают формировать региональные критерии референтных диапазонов на основе определения 5% – 95%-ных центилей у фертильных мужчин.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Установить референтные диапазоны доли АСАТ-IgG-позитивных сперматозоидов фертильных мужчин-россиян для повышения клинико-экономической эффективности оказания помощи бесплодным парам.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование обсервационное, наблюдательное, многоцентровое, поперечное, ретроспективное. АСАТ на сперматозоидах определяли рекомендованным ВОЗ методом смешанной реакции агглютинации MAR-IgG (“FertiPro”, Beernem, Belgium). Сформирована выборка фертильных мужчин (n = 358), соответствующих следующим критериям: 1) диагностирована беременность у жены (ХГЧ &gt; 100 мМЕ/мл и / или визуализация плодного яйца при УЗИ), наступившая в естественном цикле за период &lt; 12 месяцев после отмены контрацепции + 3 месяца от даты выполнения анализа в специализированной андрологической лаборатории; 2) отсутствие какого-либо специфического лечения не менее чем за 3 месяца до даты беременности. Выделяли группы, в которых объём, концентрация, подвижность, морфология сперматозоидов соответствуют референтным диапазонам по критериям ВОЗ-2021 (группа 1; n = 255) и российским региональным критериям (В.А. Божедомов и соавт., 2023) (группа 2; n = 337).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В выборке фертильных мужчин (n = 358) данные MAR-IgG-теста от 0 до 100%: медиана = 0%; 5% – 95%-ные центили — 0% – 40%; MAR-IgG &gt; 40% в 4,5% случаев (16 из 358). В группе 1 все случаи MAR-IgG &gt; 10% — статистически выпадающие (англ. «non-outlier range»), 95%-ный центиль — 36%. По российским критериям выпадающими являются MAR-IgG-теста &gt; 12%, 95%-ный центиль — 40%. Различия между группами 1 и 2 по перекрещиванию рядов и частотам случаев статистически незначимы (p &gt; 0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. У мужчин-россиян не более 12% прогрессивно-подвижных сперматозоидов должны быть IgG-позитивными. При 13 – 40% IgG-позитивных прогрессивно-подвижных сперматозоидов иммунный фактор бесплодия вероятен. Беременность статистически маловероятна при &gt; 40% IgG-позитивных подвижных сперматозоидов даже при нормозооспермии, что можно считать признаком высокого риска иммунного бесплодия.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Autoimmune reactions against spermatozoa represent a recognized cause of male infertility. The presence of antisperm antibodies (ASAs) can lead to reduced sperm motility, impaired capacitation and acrosome reaction, as well as increased sperm DNA fragmentation. However, current WHO guidelines do not establish definitive diagnostic criteria for «male immune infertility.» Instead, they recommend developing regional reference ranges based on the 5th to 95th percentile values derived from fertile men populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To establish reference ranges for the percentage of ASAs-IgG-positive spermatozoa in fertile Russian men in order to enhance the clinical and economic effectiveness of infertility management in couples.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials &amp; Methods</title><p>Materials &amp; Methods. The study is an observational, multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective analysis. Antisperm antibodies (ASAT) on spermatozoa were assessed using the mixed antiglobulin reaction (“MAR-IgG”) method recommended by the WHO (“FertiPro”, Beernem, Belgium). A cohort of fertile men (n = 358) was selected based on the following criteria: 1) their partners achieved pregnancy (hCG &gt; 100 mIU/ml and/or ultrasound confirmation of a gestational sac) occurring naturally within 12 months after discontinuation of contraception, with the semen analysis performed within 3 months of conception at a specialized andrology laboratory; 2) absence of any specific treatment for at least 3 months prior to the date of conception. Two subgroups were identified: subgroup 1 (n = 255), in which semen volume, concentration, motility, and morphology met the WHO 2021 reference ranges; and subgroup 2 (n = 337), in which these parameters corresponded to Russian regional reference criteria (Bozhedomov et al., 2023).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the cohort of fertile men (n = 358), MAR-IgG test results ranged from 0 to 100%, with a median of 0% and the 5th to 95th percentiles spanning 0% to 40%. MAR-IgG levels exceeding 40% were observed in 4.5% of cases (16 out of 358). Within subgroup 1, all instances of MAR-IgG &gt; 10% were identified as statistical outliers based on the standard English “non-outlier range,” with the 95th percentile at 36%. According to the Russian reference criteria, MAR-IgG values above 12% and the 95th percentile of 40% were considered outliers. No statistically significant differences were found between subgroups 1 and 2 regarding distribution patterns and frequency of cases exceeding these thresholds (p &gt; 0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In Russian men, the proportion of IgG-positive progressively motile spermatozoa should not exceed 12%. When this proportion ranges from 13% to 40%, an immune-mediated contribution to infertility is considered probable. Pregnancy is statistically unlikely when more than 40% of progressively motile spermatozoa are IgG-positive, even in the presence of normozoospermia, indicating a threshold for clinically significant immune infertility.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мужское бесплодие</kwd><kwd>сперматозоиды</kwd><kwd>антиспермальные антитела (АСАТ)</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные реакции против сперматозоидов</kwd><kwd>иммунное бесплодие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>male infertility</kwd><kwd>spermatozoa</kwd><kwd>antisperm antibodies (ASAT)</kwd><kwd>autoimmune reactions against spermatozoa</kwd><kwd>immune infertility</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was not sponsored</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson L. Sperm agglutinins in human semen and blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954;85(4):652-655. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-85-20982</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson L. Sperm agglutinins in human semen and blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954;85(4):652-655. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-85-20982</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vazquez-Levin MH, Marín-Briggiler CI, Veaute C. Antisperm antibodies: invaluable tools toward the identification of sperm proteins involved in fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014;72(2):206-218. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12272</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vazquez-Levin MH, Marín-Briggiler CI, Veaute C. Antisperm antibodies: invaluable tools toward the identification of sperm proteins involved in fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014;72(2):206-218. DOI: 10.1111/aji.12272</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazumdar S, Levine AS. Antisperm antibodies: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(5):799-810. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00302-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazumdar S, Levine AS. Antisperm antibodies: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Fertil Steril. 1998;70(5):799-810. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00302-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Restrepo B, Cardona-Maya W. Antisperm antibodies and fertility association. Actas Urol Esp. 2013;37(9):571-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Restrepo B, Cardona-Maya W. Antisperm antibodies and fertility association. Actas Urol Esp. 2013;37(9):571-578. DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francavilla F, Santucci R, Barbonetti A, Francavilla S. Naturally-occurring antisperm antibodies in men: interference with fertility and clinical implications. An update. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2890-2911. DOI: 10.2741/2280</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francavilla F, Santucci R, Barbonetti A, Francavilla S. Naturally-occurring antisperm antibodies in men: interference with fertility and clinical implications. An update. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2890-2911. DOI: 10.2741/2280</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bozhedomov VA, Nikolaeva MA, Ushakova IV, Lipatova NA, Bozhedomova GE, Sukhikh GT. Functional deficit of sperm and fertility impairment in men with antisperm antibodies. J Reprod Immunol. 2015;112:95-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.08.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhedomov VA, Nikolaeva MA, Ushakova IV, Lipatova NA, Bozhedomova GE, Sukhikh GT. Functional deficit of sperm and fertility impairment in men with antisperm antibodies. J Reprod Immunol. 2015;112:95-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.08.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галимов Ш.Н., Божедомов В.А., Галимова Э.Ф., Павлов В.Н., Сухих Г.Т. Мужское бесплодие: молекулярные и иммунологические аспекты. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galimov Sh.N., Bozhedomov V.A., Galimova E.F., Pavlov V.N., Sukhikh G.T. Male infertility: molecular and immunological aspects. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta S, Sharma R, Agarwal A, Boitrelle F, Finelli R, Farkouh A, Saleh R, Abdel-Meguid TA, Gül M, Zilaitiene B, Ko E, Rambhatla A, Zini A, Leisegang K, Kuroda S, Henkel R, Cannarella R, Palani A, Cho CL, Ho CCK, Zylbersztejn DS, Pescatori E, Chung E, Dimitriadis F, Pinggera GM, Busetto GM, Balercia G, Salvio G, Colpi GM, Çeker G, Taniguchi H, Kandil H, Park HJ, Maldonado Rosas I, de la Rosette J, Cardoso JPG, Ramsay J, Alvarez J, Molina JMC, Khalafalla K, Bowa K, Tremellen K, Evgeni E, Rocco L, Rodriguez Peña MG, Sabbaghian M, Martinez M, Arafa M, Al-Marhoon MS, Tadros N, Garrido N, Rajmil O, Sengupta P, Vogiatzi P, Kavoussi P, Birowo P, Kosgi R, Bani-Hani S, Micic S, Parekattil S, Jindal S, Le TV, Mostafa T, Toprak T, Morimoto Y, Malhotra V, Aghamajidi A, Durairajanayagam D, Shah R. Antisperm Antibody Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in the Management of Immunological Male Infertility and Results of a Global Survey of Clinical Practices. World J Mens Health. 2022;40(3):380-398. DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210164</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta S, Sharma R, Agarwal A, Boitrelle F, Finelli R, Farkouh A, Saleh R, Abdel-Meguid TA, Gül M, Zilaitiene B, Ko E, Rambhatla A, Zini A, Leisegang K, Kuroda S, Henkel R, Cannarella R, Palani A, Cho CL, Ho CCK, Zylbersztejn DS, Pescatori E, Chung E, Dimitriadis F, Pinggera GM, Busetto GM, Balercia G, Salvio G, Colpi GM, Çeker G, Taniguchi H, Kandil H, Park HJ, Maldonado Rosas I, de la Rosette J, Cardoso JPG, Ramsay J, Alvarez J, Molina JMC, Khalafalla K, Bowa K, Tremellen K, Evgeni E, Rocco L, Rodriguez Peña MG, Sabbaghian M, Martinez M, Arafa M, Al-Marhoon MS, Tadros N, Garrido N, Rajmil O, Sengupta P, Vogiatzi P, Kavoussi P, Birowo P, Kosgi R, Bani-Hani S, Micic S, Parekattil S, Jindal S, Le TV, Mostafa T, Toprak T, Morimoto Y, Malhotra V, Aghamajidi A, Durairajanayagam D, Shah R. Antisperm Antibody Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in the Management of Immunological Male Infertility and Results of a Global Survey of Clinical Practices. World J Mens Health. 2022;40(3):380-398. DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210164</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, De Jonge CJ, Eisenberg ML, Lamb DJ, Mulhall JP, Niederberger C, Sandlow JI, Sokol RZ, Spandorfer SD, Tanrikut C, Treadwell JR, Oristaglio JT, Zini A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline Part I. J Urol. 2021;205(1):36-43. DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001521</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, De Jonge CJ, Eisenberg ML, Lamb DJ, Mulhall JP, Niederberger C, Sandlow JI, Sokol RZ, Spandorfer SD, Tanrikut C, Treadwell JR, Oristaglio JT, Zini A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline Part I. J Urol. 2021;205(1):36-43. DOI: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001521</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, De Jonge CJ, Eisenberg ML, Lamb DJ, Mulhall JP, Niederberger C, Sandlow JI, Sokol RZ, Spandorfer SD, Tanrikut C, Treadwell JR, Oristaglio JT, Zini A. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II. Fertil Steril. 2021;115(1):62-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, De Jonge CJ, Eisenberg ML, Lamb DJ, Mulhall JP, Niederberger C, Sandlow JI, Sokol RZ, Spandorfer SD, Tanrikut C, Treadwell JR, Oristaglio JT, Zini A. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II. Fertil Steril. 2021;115(1):62-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Божедомов В.А., Корнеев И.А., Липатова Н.А., Божедомова Г.Е., Камарина Р.А., Николаева М.А., Галимова Э.Ф., Галимов Ш.Н., Епанчинцева Е.А., Павлов В.Н., Камалов А.А. Референтные показатели базового анализа эякулята фертильных мужчин: российские региональные особенности (многоцентровое поперечное ретроспективное исследование). Урология. 2023;(5):48-56. DOI: 10.18565/urology.2023.5.48-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhedomov V.A., Korneev I.A., Lipatova N.A., Bozhedomova G.E., Kamarina R.A., Nikolaeva M.A., Galimova E.F., Galimov Sh.N., Epanchintseva E.A., Pavlov V.N., Kamalov A.A. Reference parameters of baseline ejaculate analysis of fertile men: Russian regional features (multicenter cross-sectional retrospective study). Urologiia. 2023;(5):48-56. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18565/urology.2023.5.48-56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV. Anti-sperm Antibodies as an Increasing Threat to Male Fertility: Immunological Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies. Reprod Sci. 2024;31(11):3303-3322. Erratum in: Reprod Sci. 2024;31(8):2537. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01610-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV. Anti-sperm Antibodies as an Increasing Threat to Male Fertility: Immunological Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies. Reprod Sci. 2024;31(11):3303-3322. Erratum in: Reprod Sci. 2024;31(8):2537. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01610-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leathersich S, Hart RJ. Immune infertility in men. Fertil Steril. 2022;117(6):1121-1131. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.02.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leathersich S, Hart RJ. Immune infertility in men. Fertil Steril. 2022;117(6):1121-1131. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.02.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinisi AA, Di Finizio B, Pasquali D, Scurini C, D’Apuzzo A, Bellastella A. Prevalence of antisperm antibodies by SpermMARtest in subjects undergoing a routine sperm analysis for infertility. Int J Androl. 1993;16(5):311-314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01197.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinisi AA, Di Finizio B, Pasquali D, Scurini C, D’Apuzzo A, Bellastella A. Prevalence of antisperm antibodies by SpermMARtest in subjects undergoing a routine sperm analysis for infertility. Int J Androl. 1993;16(5):311-314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01197.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tüttelmann F, Nieschlag E. Classification of andrological disorders. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, eds. Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction. Berlin: Springer; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tüttelmann F, Nieschlag E. Classification of andrological disorders. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S, eds. Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction. Berlin: Springer; 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasin AL, Yasin AL, Basha WS. The Epidemiology of Anti-Sperm Antibodies Among Couples with Unexplained Infertility in North West Bank, Palestine. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(3):QC01-3. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/15788.7380</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasin AL, Yasin AL, Basha WS. The Epidemiology of Anti-Sperm Antibodies Among Couples with Unexplained Infertility in North West Bank, Palestine. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(3):QC01-3. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/15788.7380</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heidenreich A, Bonfig R, Wilbert DM, Strohmaier WL, Engelmann UH. Risk factors for antisperm antibodies in infertile men. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1994;31(2-3):69-76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1994.tb00849.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heidenreich A, Bonfig R, Wilbert DM, Strohmaier WL, Engelmann UH. Risk factors for antisperm antibodies in infertile men. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1994;31(2-3):69-76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1994.tb00849.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbonetti A, Castellini C, D’Andrea S, Cordeschi G, Santucci R, Francavilla S, Francavilla F. Prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies and relationship of degree of sperm auto-immunization to semen parameters and post-coital test outcome: a retrospective analysis of over 10 000 men. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(5):834-841. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbonetti A, Castellini C, D’Andrea S, Cordeschi G, Santucci R, Francavilla S, Francavilla F. Prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies and relationship of degree of sperm auto-immunization to semen parameters and post-coital test outcome: a retrospective analysis of over 10 000 men. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(5):834-841. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR. Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(9):749-754. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.036517</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR. Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(9):749-754. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.036517</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muncey W, Scott M, Lathi RB, Eisenberg ML. The paternal role in pregnancy loss. Andrology. 2025;13(1):146-150. DOI: 10.1111/andr.13603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muncey W, Scott M, Lathi RB, Eisenberg ML. The paternal role in pregnancy loss. Andrology. 2025;13(1):146-150. DOI: 10.1111/andr.13603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva AF, Ramalho-Santos J, Amaral S. The impact of antisperm antibodies on human male reproductive function: an update. Reproduction. 2021;162(4):R55-R71. DOI: 10.1530/REP-21-0123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva AF, Ramalho-Santos J, Amaral S. The impact of antisperm antibodies on human male reproductive function: an update. Reproduction. 2021;162(4):R55-R71. DOI: 10.1530/REP-21-0123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Божедомов В.А., Сухих Г.Т. Иммунное мужское бесплодие. Учебное пособие. М.: Е-noto, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhedomov V.A., Sukhikh G.T. Immune male infertility. Study guide. Moscow: E-noto, 2018. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
