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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urovest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник урологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urology Herald</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2308-6424</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Rostov State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21886/2308-6424-2025-13-2-12-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urovest-1050</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности цитокинового профиля крови и мочи у женщин с хроническим рецидивирующим циститом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Specific features of blood and urine cytokine profile in women suffering chronic recurrent cystitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8548-2288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкина</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkina</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Геннадиевна Галкина — канд. мед. наук </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia G. Galkina — Cand.Sc.(Med) </p><p>Penza </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalya-galkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-2969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Викторович Галкин </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Galkin </p><p>Penza </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galkin81@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9451-9216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токарева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokareva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Владимировна Токарева </p><p>Пенза</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Tokareva </p><p>Penza </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tokareva.elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Пензенский государственный университет ; Клиника урологии № 1</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Penza State University ; Urology Clinic No. 1, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника урологии № 1 ; Пензенская областная клиническая больница им. Н. Н. Бурденко</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Urology Clinic No. 1, LLC ; Burdenko Penza Regional Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Пензенская областная клиническая больница им. Н. Н. Бурденко</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Burdenko Penza Regional Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Галкина Н.Г., Галкин А.В., Токарева Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галкина Н.Г., Галкин А.В., Токарева Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galkina N.G., Galkin A.V., Tokareva E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/1050">https://www.urovest.ru/jour/article/view/1050</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Хронический неосложнённый рецидивирующий цистит подразумевает наличие частых обострений заболевания при отсутствии осложняющих факторов. Важным является поиск маркеров воспалительного процесса в стенке мочевого пузыря, позволяющих определить воспаления при нормальных анализах мочи и прогнозировать риск рецидивирования, тяжесть течения цистита.Цель исследования. Изучить цитокиновый статус крови и мочи у женщин с хроническим рецидивирующим циститом.Материалы и методы. В исследование проспективно были включены 33 пациентки с установленным верифицированным диагнозом «Хронический (рецидивирующий) неосложнённый цистит», имеющих жалобы на момент сбора образцов крови и мочи на рецидивирующую хроническую тазовую боль и / или давление, дискомфорт в области мочевого пузыря и симптомы со стороны нижних мочевых путей. Всем пациенткам исследуемой группы выполнялась цистоскопия с биопсией стенки мочевого пузыря. В контрольную группу были включены 27 практически здоровых женщин репродуктивного возраста. Было проведено исследование кальпротектина, ИЛ-6, фактора некроза опухоли и VEGF в образцах мочи и крови женщин в обеих группах.Результаты. Выявлены достоверные различия по уровню кальпротектина крови, VEGF, ИЛ-6, кальпротектина мочи. Уровень данных цитокинов выше в исследуемой группе в сравнении с контрольной, но при этом критерий Стьюдента при сравнительной оценке уровня кальпротектина в крови приближен к 0,05, поэтому мы считаем, что диагностическую значимость и важность играет именно кальпротектин мочи (р = 0,0000). Установлено, что уровень VEGF повышен в моче у пациенток исследуемой группы; можно предположить, что это связано с имеющимися в стенке мочевого пузыря гипоксией и воспалением. В исследуемой группе пациентов была выявлена прямая достоверная корреляционная связь средней силы между наличием хронического рецидивирующего цистита и кальпротектина мочи (R = 0,649; р = 0,0000) и лейкоцитурии (R =0,519; р = 0,0000). У всех пациенток исследуемой группы в ходе патоморфологического исследования стенки мочевого пузыря был обнаружен воспалительный процесс, в 63,6% случаев в сочетании с плоскоклеточной неороговевающей метаплазией уротелия треугольника Lieto. В таком случае нельзя исключить ключевую роль в возникновении расстройств мочеиспускания и / или хронического процесса повышенной экспрессии S100A8/S100A9 на поверхности плоскоклеточного эпителия мочевого пузыря. Из полученных нами данных следует, что кальпротектин вполне может вызвать развитие абактериального воспалительного процесса в стенке мочевого пузыря без повышения уровня лейкоцитов в моче, в связи с чем особенна ценна и высока диагностическая значимость кальпротектина как маркера воспаления в стенке мочевого пузыря в случаях, когда анализы мочи в норме.Заключение. У женщин с хроническим рецидивирующим циститом повышены уровни кальпротектина, VEGF, ИЛ-6 мочи, при этом лейкоцитурия не влияет на уровень кальпротектина и VEGF в моче. Кальпротектин может служить маркером воспаления в стенке мочевого пузыря, в том числе для оценки активности воспалительного процесса и / или оценки эффективности лечения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Chronic uncomplicated recurrent cystitis denotes the presence of frequent disease exacerbations in the absence of complicating factors. The identification of inflammatory process markers within the bladder wall is of paramount importance, as these markers enable the detection of inflammation in cases of normal urine test results and facilitate the prediction of recurrence risk and the severity of cystitis progression.Objective. To investigate the cytokine profile in blood and urine samples of female patients diagnosed with chronic recurrent cystitis.Materials &amp; methods. The prospective study enrolled 33 female participants with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic (recurrent) uncomplicated cystitis. At the time of blood and urine sample collection, all study participants presented with recurrent chronic pelvic pain and/or pressure, bladder discomfort, and lower urinary tract symptoms. All patients in the study group underwent cystoscopy within bladder wall biopsy. The control group comprised 27 healthy women of reproductive age. The investigation involved the analysis of calprotectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in urine and blood samples from both study groups.Results. Statistically significant differences were identified in the levels of blood calprotectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and urine calprotectin. The concentrations of these cytokines were elevated in the study group compared to the control group. Notably, while Student’s t-test for blood calprotectin approached the significance threshold (p ≈ 0.05), urine calprotectin demonstrated robust diagnostic significance (p = 0.0000). Elevated urinary VEGF levels were observed in the study group patients, suggesting an association with bladder wall hypoxia and inflammation. A direct moderate-strength correlation was established between chronic recurrent cystitis and both urinary calprotectin (R = 0.649, p = 0.0000) and leukocyturia (R = 0.519, p = 0.0000). Pathomorphological examination of the bladder wall in all study group patients revealed an inflammatory process, with 63.6% of cases exhibiting squamous cell metaplasia of the urothelium in the Lieto triangle. The potential key role of increased S100A8/ S100A9 expression on the bladder squamous cell epithelium surface in urinary disorders and chronic processes cannot be ruled out. Importantly, our data indicate that calprotectin can induce abacterial inflammatory processes in the bladder wall without concomitant leukocyte elevation in urine. Consequently, calprotectin exhibits particularly high diagnostic value as a bladder wall inflammation marker, especially in cases of normal urine test results.Conclusion. The study demonstrates significantly elevated levels of urinary calprotectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in female patients diagnosed with chronic recurrent cystitis. Notably, the presence of leukocyturia does not influence urinary calprotectin and VEGF concentrations.Calprotectin emerges as a promising biomarker for detecting inflammation within the bladder wall. Its utility extends to both assessing the inflammatory process activity and evaluating therapeutic efficacy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический рецидивирующий цистит</kwd><kwd>плоскоклеточная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>кальпротектин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic recurrent cystitis</kwd><kwd>squamous cell metaplasia</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>calprotectin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydin A, Ahmed K, Zaman I, Khan MS, Dasgupta P. Recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(6):795-804. DOI: 10.1007/s00192-014-2569-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydin A, Ahmed K, Zaman I, Khan MS, Dasgupta P. Recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(6):795-804. 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